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Gypsy Moth — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Landtype Classification — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Fish — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Incomplete Stand-scale Disturbances — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Methods — by matthew — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

In 2005 and 2006, we surveyed 1780 miles of eight major highways in interior and south-central Alaska for Melilotus alba.

Probabilistic Risk Models for Multiple Disturbances: An Example of Forest Insects and Wildfires — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

Building probabilistic risk models for highly random forest disturbances like wildfire and forest insect outbreaks is a challenging problem.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

Wildfire and insect infestations are two major disturbances of forest lands in the United States.

Methods — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

Our study area was Oregon and Washington National Forest lands.

Probability Framework — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

We are interested in obtaining estimates of disturbance probabilities in the presence of multiple stressors.

Results and Discussion — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

The models in equations [1] and [2] appeared to give reasonable fits to 1982-2004 data on bark beetle attacks and wildfire sizes on Forest Service lands in Region 6.

Bark Beetle Infestation — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

The probability of beetle infestation was significantly influenced by spatial location, size of infestation in previous year, and size of 1- year-old fire within 1 km.

Fire Size — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

The estimated spatial pattern of fire sizes seems to indicate northern Washington and eastern Oregon as some of the regions with the highest probabilities of a fire getting large after controlling for all other predictors in the model.

Conclusions — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

Multiple disturbances, such as wildfire-insect outbreak interactions, are not well understood at provincial scales.

Integration of Population Genetic Structure and Plant Response to Climate Change: Sustaining Genetic Resources Through Evaluation of Projected Threats — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

To assess threats or predict responses to disturbances, or both, it is essential to recognize and characterize the population structures of forest species in relation to changing environments.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

Climate change and associated glacial/interglacial cycles have had a profound impact on the biogeography of plant communities.

Material and Methods — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

This section reviews Population Genetic Analyses and Plant-Climate Modeling.

Results — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

Population genetics and plant-climate modeling results are summarized for both the whitebark and western white pine.

Whitebark Pine — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

Analysis of mtDNA reveals three haplotypes that are discretely partitioned among regions with two introgression zones.

Western White Pine — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

Analyses of AFLP loci discern three metapopulations in western white pine.

Discussion — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

This section discusses the study findings regarding Whitebark Pine and Western White Pine, and reviews Model Refinements and Uncertainties.

Whitebark Pine — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

Past climate change has shaped the biogeography of whitebark pine and, hence, genetic relationships and potential adaptive traits.

Western White Pine — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

Like whitebark pine, western white pine populations were also shaped by past climate change.

Model Refinements and Uncertainties — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

Further refinements in the plant-climate model can be achieved by integrating knowledge from molecular and quantitative genetics.

Summary — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

Case studies were presented for whitebark pine and western white pine using plant-climate modeling of current and future climate predictions and genetic studies.

Assessment of Habitat Threats to Shrublands in the Great Basin — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

The sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) ecosystem is one of the most imperiled in the United States.

Setting the Stage: Shrublands at Risk — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

The vast shrublands of Western North America, including the sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) ecosystem, provide a wide range of resource values, including recreation, livestock grazing, mining, energy extraction, wildlife habitat, and wilderness.

Status and Threats in the Sagebrush Ecosystem — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

The sagebrush ecosystem covers more than 43 million ha within the Western United States and Canada and constitutes one of the largest ecosystems in North America.

Ecological Setting and Status of the Great Basin — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

The Great Basin ecoregion spans more than 29 million ha from the eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains in California to central Utah east of the Great Salt Lake.

Regional Assessment of Habitats — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

To address concerns about ongoing degradation of sagebrush habitats and associated species, Wisdom and others identified steps for spatial analysis to be used in regional assessment.

Selecting and Grouping Species of Concern — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

Using a variety of screening criteria, (e.g., habitat association, estimated risk of extirpation), Wisdom and others compiled a comprehensive list of more than 350 sagebrush-associated species of concern.

Describing Species-habitat Relationships — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

Evaluation of the condition, (e.g., risk levels) and spatial pattern of habitat for multiple species of concern provides essential context for the development of regionally based management and conservation strategies.

Identifying Regional Threats — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

Wisdom and others outlined a process for identifying threats to consider in regional assessment, using criteria such as spatial extent of the threat, available resources to address the threat, and cost-benefit analysis.

Quantifying Vegetation and Habitat in the Great Basin — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

To estimate vegetation at risk in the Great Basin, we first quantified the total area of each landcover type present in the study area using the landcover map.

Modeling of Displacement by Woodlands and Cheatgrass — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

We developed two independent, rule-based predictive models of displacement of sagebrush and other native vegetation by encroaching pinyon-juniper woodlands and cheatgrass, employing a variety of topographic and vegetation variables.

Model Development — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

This section describes the Pinyon-Juniper Woodland and Cheatgrass Models.

Results of Model Application in the Great Basin — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

Outputs from both the pinyon-juniper and cheatgrass models were summarized by landcover type and by species, (i.e., habitats at risk).

Application of Risk Models in Shrubland Management — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

Federal agencies need information about habitat requirements and conditions for species and groups of species at spatial extents that are typically used in land management planning.

Characterizing Habitat Conditions — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

We used two habitat variables, habitat abundance and habitat at risk of displacement by cheatgrass, to characterize the composite habitat conditions for each species group at the watershed extent within the Great Basin.

Prioritizing Restoration Activities — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

Different combinations of habitat abundance and habitat risk have different implications for conservation and restoration.

Integration of Multiple Stressors — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

The combined risk of displacement by cheatgrass and by pinyon-juniper woodlands was evaluated for the 4.8 million ha of sagebrush in the three ecological provinces in which the pinyon-juniper model was applied.

Management Implications — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

Our analyses revealed that watersheds vary in spatial patterns of habitat abundance and risk, resulting in different implications for conservation and restoration of habitats.

Establishing a Nationwide Baseline of Historical Burn Severity Data to Support Monitoring of Trends in Wildfire Effects and National Fire Policies — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

There is a need to provide agency leaders, elected officials, and the general public with summary information regarding the effects of large wildfires.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

Consistent geospatial information characterizing effects of large wildland fires does not exist for lands within the United States.

Project Background — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

In 2006, WFLC sponsored a 6- year project to map the fire severity and perimeters on large fires (>500 acres in the East and 1000 acres in the West) in the United States across all ownerships for the period of 1984 through 2010.

Burn Severity Definition — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

Terminology commonly used when discussing fire behavior and fire effects is often inconsistently and interchangeably applied.

Project Scope — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

The project has been divided into geographic mapping zones representing broadly similar ecological conditions.

Products — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

Unclassified or input data are comprised of Landsat TM and ETM images that form the basis for measuring spectral response of individual fires.

Methods — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

Methods selection for this project was fundamentally driven by two requirements: (1) The need to develop consistent information across all lands within the project extent, and (2) the need to develop consistent information spanning a significant historical period.

Fire History Database Compilation — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

Existing fire history and location databases were compiled into a single, standardized project database that formed the basis for image scene selection.

Image Scene Selection and Data Preprocessing — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

Scene selection is driven by the MTBS fire history database.

Fire Severity and Perimeter Mapping — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

The NBR index is calculated for prefire and postfire images.

Data Summarization — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

Tabular data will be generated from statistical summaries of the fire severity class layers.

Data Distribution — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

All spatial and tabular data will be distributed through Web-based interfaces.

Applications for Fire Severity Data — by mhowell — last modified 2010-10-18 09:50 AM

Central to the missions of both the Western Wildland Environmental Threat Assessment Center and the Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center is the early detection, identification, and assessment of multiple environmental threats such as insects, disease, invasive species, fire, loss or degradation of forests, and weather-related risks.

Conclusions — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The MTBS project will develop the data and information necessary to meet the strategic analysis objectives of WFLC and other policy-making and monitoring bodies.

Threats to Private Forest Lands in the U.S.A.: A Forests on the Edge Study — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The Forests on the Edge project, sponsored by the USDA Forest Service, uses geographic information systems to construct and analyze maps depicting threats to the contributions of America's private forest lands.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

America's forest lands contribute in a myriad of ways to the economic, ecological, and social well-being of the Nation.

Data Layers — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

All data layers were obtained as or constructed to be nationally consistent and were summarized at the spatial scale of fourth-level watersheds.

Private Forest Contributions — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

This section reviews Private Forest Land, Water Quality, Timber Supply, At-risk Species, and Interior Forest/Habitat Contiguity.

Threats to Private Forest Lands — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

This section reviews Development, Wildfire, Ozone, Acid Deposition, Insects Pests and Disease.

Methods — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

For each contribution and threat layer, the distribution of watershed index values was determined, and a percentile ranking was assigned to each watershed.

Results — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The results are briefly discussed.

Contributions — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Watersheds with the greatest percentages of private forest land are generally in New England, the Southeast, and the Pacific Northwest.

Threats — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Development threats to private forest land area are concentrated in southern New England and the Southeast, although some are also found in the Pacific Northwest; wildfire threats to private forest land, are primarily in the Northeastern quadrant of the country.

Conclusions — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The FOTE spatial approach to assessing threats to the contributions of private forest lands produces useful, visual information that is relatively easy to obtain.

A Spatial Model for Predicting Effects of Climate Change on Swiss Needle Cast Disease Severity in Pacific Northwest Forests — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Swiss needle cast disease of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) is caused by the ascomycete fungus Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii.

History of the Problem — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Swiss needle cast disease of Douglas-fir is caused by the ascomycete Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii (Rohde) Petrak.

Current Extent and Impacts of Swiss Needle Cast in Pacific Northwest Forests — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 01:05 PM

Since around 1990, unusually severe and persistent symptoms of Swiss needle cast have been observed in Douglas-fir forest plantations in western Oregon, particularly near the town of Tillamook.

Understanding the Disease — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

To better understand which environmental factors might be important regulators of P. gaeumannii abundance and how they affect the epidemiology of Swiss needle cast, it was essential to investigate the infection cycle of the pathogen and its mechanism of pathogenicity.

Experimental Approaches to Understanding Climate-Disease Interactions — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Because the most severe disease has been observed in sites within the low elevation coastal fog zone, the presence of free water on needle surfaces during the summer has been considered a possible factor affecting disease severity.

Modeling Swiss Needle Cast — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The finding that small differences in temperature could affect rates of needle colonization and fungal development over the 11-month incubation period of P. gaeumannii prompted us to examine the effect of temperature in relation to infection data from field sites in western Oregon.

Conclusions — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Improved understanding of the effects of climate factors on P. gaeumannii abundance now helps to clarify the underlying causes for recently observed increases in Swiss needle cast in the Western Coast Range.

Initial Stand Conditions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Regeneration Status — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Residual Basal Area — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Developmental Dynamics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Marking Rules — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Other Considerations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 01:07 PM

 

History — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Land Use — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Forest Area & Conditions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Conversions of Forest Lands: Trends, Determinants, and Policy Considerations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

Abstract from the paper "Threats from Conversions of Forest Lands: Trends, Determinants, and Policy Considerations"

Measuring & Monitoring — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Geology & Topography — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Soils — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Hydrology & Water Quality — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

The Southern Bioenergy Resource — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

The forests of the Southern United States provide a large renewable supply of biomass.

Bioenergy Production from Southern Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

In the Southern United States, biomass production as one among many goals of the forest ecosystem management plays a relatively minor role. However, concerns about rising oil prices and national energy dependence on foreign supplies make it imperative th

Introduction to Harvesting, Processing, Storage and Delivery — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

An introduction to the components of establishing a bioenergy harvesting system

Environmental Sustainability and Sustainable Forest Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

The production of forest biomass must be considered sustainable.

Utilizing Biomass — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Introduction to the section on utilizing biomass for bioenergy, biofuels, and bio-based products.

Economics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

In any new venture, economics will play a large role.

Assessing landscape scale risk of bark beetle infestation: methods and experience with Mountain Pine Beetle — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Understanding Bioenergy Resources — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Why should forest biomass be utilized for bioenery and bio-based products?

Global Utilization of Forest Biomass — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

In other countries, forest biomass plays a larger role in the production of energy and bio-based products.

Environmental Benefits of Biomass — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Global climate change, greenhouse gases, and forest health are all environmental reasons for utilization of biomass.

Economic Benefits of Biomass — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Biomass utilization could provide income opportunities for landowners and opportunties for economic development for rural communities.

Energy Benefits of Biomass — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Energy security can be enhanced and energy dependence lessened through the utilization of biomass.

Current Status of Biomass in the US — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

In the United States, the use of forest biomass is on the rise.

Promoting Bioenergy — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Despite many factors favoring bioenergy today, the utilization of bioenergy has increased at a modest rate.

Market Formation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Markets have to be created for new alternatives which are considered desirable by society but which will not easily take off unless a policy framework is put into place to promote them.

Challenges in Bioenergy — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

The next ten years will be decisive in terms of turning biomass into a global modern and reliable energy source.

Bioenergy Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

We are entangled in an energy infrastructure heavily dependent on non-renewable resources.

Application of Molecular Genetic Tools for Threat Assessment in Forest Ecosystems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Biofuels — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Biofuels have traditionally been used in the same geographical region in which they are produced.

Creating Synergies — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Bioenergy is intrinsically multi-sectoral and, therefore, cannot be considered within the realm of the energy sector alone.

Managing Competition and Bottlenecks — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

For the European forest industry, co-production of bioenergy is an attractive opportunity.

Integrating Forest Biomass and the Energy Sector — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

There are a number of cost efficient measures to help generate more biofuels and bioenergy in connection with the activities of the forest industry.

Agriculture — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Agricultural policy reforms are needed in many countries today due to the high costs of subsidies.

Availability of Biomass Across the Globe — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

There are significant regional differences when it comes to the availability and use of biomass resources in the world.

Utilization of Forest Biomass — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

It is estimated that 13.5 percent of the total primary energy supply in the world came from renewable sources in 2001.

Future Scenarios — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

In the so-called rich and green scenario, biomass could account for 25% of the total amount of the world energy in 2100.

European Union — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Biomass is the largest renewable energy source in the European Union.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Countries — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Biomass accounts for some 3% of the energy supply in OECD countries.

Effects of Scale on Analyzing and Managing Risks to Forest Biodiversity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Supply of Forest Biomas — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Supply and demand are key concepts in economics.

Cost Competitiveness — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

The success of forest biomass and bioenergy development will largely depend on the cost competitiveness of these products relative to their substitutes.

Community Impacts — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Southern rural communities will play a key role in the development of operations utilizing forest biomass.

Policy Factors and Incentives — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Policy factors and incentives can help foster the development of new industries.

Existing Incentive Programs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Incentive programs are available to help with development of a bio-based products industry.

Incentives Needed — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Additional incentives are needed to ensure the successful development of the bio-based products industry.

Experience in Other Countries — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Bioenergy is intrinsically linked to energy, environment, agriculture, and forestry issues.

United Kingdom — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

In the United Kingdom, the main driver for use of bioenergy is the ambitious greenhouse gas emissions targets.

Sweden — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

The Swedish energy sector has undergone substantial changes in the past three decades.

East Texas — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Forty-three counties in East Texas were studied to determine the socioeconomic effects that logging residue procurement and electricity production would have on the region.

The Influence of Multiple Stressors in Triggering Forest Understory Invasion by Native Plant Species — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Georgia — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

In Georgia, the supply of diverse biomass sources is widely distributed throughout the state.

Oregon — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

In early 2000, researchers conducted a feasibility study for the constructin of a biomass-to-ethanol processing facility for the state of Oregon.

South Carolina — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Co-firing forest biomass with coal is one way to utilize the resource without building new infrastructure.

Types and Importance of Community Impacts — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Socioeconomic impacts of bioenergy development are ample and varied.

Feedstock Production — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

In order to be considered a feasible source of raw material for bioenergy or biobased products, forest biomass must be economically competitive with coal, oil, natural gas, or other substitute goods.

Electricity Production — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Electricity generation costs using biomass versus coal will be critical to the success of the development of a bioenergy industry in the Southern United States.

Carbon Displacement — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Factors Affecting Supply — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

There are several factors that can affect the biomass supply chain in the United States.

Location — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Because of high biomass transportation costs, the location and spatial distribution of forest biomass would play an important role in its utilization.

Uncertainty and Long-Term Supply — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

A sustainable supply of biomass is critical to its industrial utilization.

The Influence of Forest Management on Vulnerability to Severe Weather — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Sources and Quantity of Supply — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

There are many different sources of forest biomass that can be utilized for bioenergy and bio-based products.

Table 1. Recoverable Logging Residues in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Amount of annual recoverable logging residues in the South by state (1,000 dry tons)

Table 2. Geographic Distribution of Potential SRWC — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Cropland suitable for hybrid poplar plantings, by region

Woody Biomass — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Introduction to various product stocks and characteristics.

Biomass Industrial Products — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

An introduction to the various energy, fuels, and products developed from biomass.

Production Methods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Processes utilized in producing bioenergy and bio-based products.

Worldwide Utilization — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Bioenergy — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Brief description on energy and its use.

Energy Units — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

A primer for energy units and conversions.

Bio-Diesel — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Discussion on the use of bio-diesel.

Wildland Arson — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Ethanol — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Discussion on the use of ethanol

Methanol — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Description of Methanol and its utilization

BEST — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 01:20 PM

 

European Fuel Consumption — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Indian Case Study — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Community Biogas plant in India

China — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Russia — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Mali — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Italy — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Ukraine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Accepted Abstracts — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

Read these brief summaries of the papers and posters that will be presented at the conference July 18-20, 2006 in Boulder, Colorado

Economic Impacts of Hurricanes on Forest Owners — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Fiber Composites Manufacturing — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Bio-chemical Processes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Thermochemical Conversion Processes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Biomass Gasification — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Black Liquor Gasification — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Combustion — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Fast Pyrolysis — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Fischer-Tropsch Process — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

An overview of the mechanics of the F-T process

Hydrothermal Upgrading (HTU) Process — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Lipid Extraction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Review of Methods for Developing Probabilistic Risk Assessments. Part 1: Modeling Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Thermochemical Liquefaction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Vitrification — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Talbott's Generators — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Fixed-bed Combustion — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Fluidised Bed Combustion — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Dust Combustion — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

CPC Gasifier — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Aerobic Digestion-Composting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Anaerobic Digestion — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Fermentation of Lignocellulosic Biomass — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Review of Methods for Developing Probabilistic Risk Assessments. Part 2: Modeling Invasive Plants, Pests, and Pathogens — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Bio-based Materials — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Discussion of bio-based materials.

Intermediate and Specialty Chemicals — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Discussion of intermediate chemical production

Bio-based Acids — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Bio-based Oils — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Specialty Chemicals — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

1,3- Propanediol (PDO) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

3-Hydroxypropionic Acid (3-HP) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Aquatic Biodiversity — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Nonnative Invasive Species — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Overview — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Evaluating Wildland Fire Danger and Prioritizing Vegetation and Fuels Treatments — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-30 06:50 PM

A prototype decision support system is presented for evaluating wildland fire danger and prioritizing subwatersheds for vegetation and fuels treatment.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-30 08:02 PM

Wildland fuels have accumulated in many western forests of the United States (U.S.) for at least the past 70 years due to 20th century settlement and management activities, and, to some extent, changing climatic conditions.

Methods — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-30 08:48 PM

Beginning with a study area description, the methods section details data sources, provides a study outline, and relates implementation steps, and model design and analysis.

Data Sources — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-01 08:13 AM

Most spatial data used in this study came from the LANDFIRE prototype project mapping effort.

Broad Outline — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

We evaluate relative fire danger in individual subwatersheds of an entire map zone.

Implementation Steps — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-01 09:25 AM

Under the fire hazard topic, we estimated for each elementary topic (lowest level in the model where data are evaluated) the percentage area and degree of aggregation of observations exceeding a specified threshold value using spatial data layers provided by the LANDFIRE project and a spatial analysis program.

Logic Model Design — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-01 08:56 AM

We graphically designed the logic model for evaluating the relative danger of wildland fire (hereafter, fire danger) with the NetWeaver Developer (Rules of Thumb, Inc., North East, PA) modeling system.

Priorities for Fuels Treatment — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-01 09:00 AM

A decision model for determining priorities of subwatersheds for fuels treatment was graphically designed with Criterium DecisionPlus (InfoHarvest, Inc., Seattle, WA), which uses both the analytic hierarchy process and the Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique to support planning activities such as priority setting, alternative selection, and resource allocation.

Analysis — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-01 09:01 AM

Fire danger evaluation for all subwatersheds in the study area was performed with the NetWeaver logic engine in EMDS.

Results — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

We describe results in terms of the strength of evidence in support of the overarching proposition of low fire danger or of subordinate propositions under fire danger.

Fire Danger — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-01 09:04 AM

There were pronounced differences in fire danger between subwatersheds in the northern and southern portions of the study area (Map zones).

Priorities for Fuels Treatment — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-01 09:07 AM

The map for fuels treatment priorities took into account most of the same factors as used to produce the map for fire danger and its components but with weighting of criteria and subcriteria by a fire ecologist and also considering the influence of wildland-urban interface.

Discussion — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-01 09:14 AM

The relative nature of our evaluation of fire danger has at least three important implications.

Conclusions — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-01 09:11 AM

Given the widespread increase in danger of wildland fire throughout the Western United States over the past 70 years or more, the sustainability of Western forest ecosystems is clearly at stake.

Analyzing Risks to Protected Areas Using the Human Modification Framework: A Colorado Case Study — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-01 09:24 AM

A framework that organizes natural and protected areas is often used to help understand the potential risks to natural areas and aspects of their ecological and human dimensions.

Methods — by mhowell — last modified 2009-02-05 02:57 PM

Here we further refine the Human Modification Framework to emphasize three primary factors that can be used to characterize land use based on what human activities occur at a given location.

Results — by mhowell — last modified 2009-02-05 03:00 PM

The composite map of the degree of urban/built-up shows a relatively familiar pattern of urban areas, particularly the cities along the Colorado Front Range.

Conclusion — by mhowell — last modified 2009-02-05 03:53 PM

In summary, we offer the human modification framework as an explicit approach to better quantify the spatial patterning and degree to which locations have been altered by human activities.

Modeling Species' Realized Climatic Niche Space and Predicting their Response to Global Warming for Several Western Forest Species with Small Geographic Distributions — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The Random Forests multiple regression tree was used to develop an empirically based bioclimatic model of the presence-absence of species occupying small geographic distributions in Western North America.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-06 06:34 PM

As the climate changes so then does the distribution of species.

Methods — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-06 07:08 PM

This section discusses the study area, climate estimates, and vegetation data.

Statistical & Mapping Procedures — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-06 07:42 PM

The Random Forests classification and regression tree package was used to model species presence and absence.

Results — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

We found that reasonably parsimonious bioclimatic models are driven by either 3 or 4 climate variables (Table 3).

Subalpine Larch — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-06 07:58 PM

A visual comparison of Little's range map shows that the projection of the bioclimatic model overestimates the distribution of subalpine larch in the western portion of southwestern British Columbia and portions of the central Rocky Mountains.

Smooth Arizona Cypress and Piute Cypress — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-06 08:09 PM

The predicted contemporary realized climatic niche space for smooth Arizona cypress and Piute cypress better described actual distributions than Little's range map.

Macfarlane's Four-O'clock — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Through most of the century, climate suitable to Macfarlane's four-o'clock should remain near its contemporary location (Figures 1B, 1C).

Discussion — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-06 08:13 PM

Our bioclimatic models predict the occurrence of species and attempt to identify suitable habitats.

Evaluating the Vulnerability of Maine Forests to Wind Damage — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Numerous factors, some of which cannot be controlled, are continually interacting with the forest resource, introducing risk to management, and making consistent predictable management outcomes uncertain. Included in these factors are threats or hazards such as windstorms and wildfire.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

"Windthrow is a complex process resulting from interactions between natural and anthropogenic factors" (Ruel 1995).

Methods — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Windthrow risk in many parts of the world has been modeled and assessed.

Site: Exposure — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Topographic exposure is a critical variable in assessing stand vulnerability.

Site: Soils — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Forest soils are also a major component in understanding susceptibility of a forest stand to wind damage.

Site: Elevation — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Elevation was also incorporated into the site component of the model.

Stand: Composition and Characteristics — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Variables describing stand composition and characteristics were extracted from the forest landowner GIS database, which contains stand level information to a minimum size of 1 acre.

Stand: Thinning — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Stands are more vulnerable to windthrow following thinning for two reasons.

Stand: Edge — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The edge raster variable represents the percentage of the stand classified as edge.

Cumulative Risk — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The cumulative risk grid is composed in two stages.

Model Evaluation — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

To avoid problems associated with spatial autocorrelation, the wind damage vulnerability model was analyzed with a comparison of means from a random sample of polygons within the study area.

Results and Discussion — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Several model variables were found to have statistically significant differences between the two populations (blowdown and nonblowdown).

Conclusion — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Wind damage to forests in Maine is a continual consideration for forest managers across the region.

Information Needs, Acceptability of Risk, Trust, and Reliance: The Case of National Predictive Services Customers — by mhowell — last modified 2009-02-06 12:47 PM

Making complex risk-related decisions involves a degree of uncertainty.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2009-02-06 12:53 PM

This section briefly introduces a needs assessment approach to evaluation, crafting risk messages to meet user needs, and factors that affect acceptability and use of risk information.

The Present Study — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

This analysis presents findings from a study initiated in 2005 through request from the National Predictive Services Group (NPSG), a group chartered under the National Fire and Aviation Executive Board (NFAEB) that provides oversight, leadership, and strategic direction to the Predictive Services program.

Method — by mhowell — last modified 2009-02-06 01:18 PM

This section details study repondents, survey, and procedures.

Results — by mhowell — last modified 2009-02-06 01:27 PM

This section outlines results in terms of audiences, use of information, risk implication, and the ability to predict reliance on information.

Conclusions and Discussion — by mhowell — last modified 2009-02-06 01:44 PM

This section summarizes lessons and opportunities concluded from the study.

Shared Values and Trust: The Experience of Community Residents in a Fire-Prone Ecosystem — by mhowell — last modified 2009-02-05 03:14 PM

The risk and impact of fires have been significant on the San Bernardino National Forest.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2009-02-05 03:38 PM

This section introduces trust and risk management, and risk communication.

The Present Study — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The present study examined trust and salient values similarity among residents in fire-prone communities surrounded by a southern California forest.

Method — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-06 11:04 PM

Residents and homeowners (n=89) in fire-prone communities on the San Bernardino National Forest participated in this study.

Results — by mhowell — last modified 2009-02-05 04:07 PM

Participants reported a number of personal experiences with fire, stresses experienced, beliefs and values, and communication and education preferences.

Discussion and Conclusion — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-06 11:18 PM

Participants were most likely to view agencies as having a majority of responsibility for reduction of fire risk, with personal and community responsibility following closely.

Spread of Invasive Plants from Roads to River Systems in Alaska: A Network Model — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-06 11:50 PM

Alaska has relatively few invasive plants, and most of them are found only along the State's limited road system.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-06 11:29 PM

Alaska has relatively few invasive plants.

Example — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-07 12:18 AM

Combining the network model with invasive species distribution data yields information that can help managers determine critical control points for particular conservation units.

Results — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-06 11:50 PM

We found Melilotus at many points along the highways that we surveyed.

Network Model — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-06 11:51 PM

The network model is a work in progress.

Example — by mhowell — last modified 2008-12-06 11:52 PM

Of the 10 major crossings we surveyed leading to Kanuti National Wildlife Refuge, none had Melilotus on a natural floodplain surface either upstream or downstream of the crossing (Figure on the right, Table 1).

Discussion — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The NHD and ADOT road network datasets are both works in progress, and some errors were identified in the NHD data.

Silviculture of Pine Stands — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Abiotic disturbance agents — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Fire — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Ice — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire For Oak Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Using Fire to Regenerate Oak After Clearcutting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Using Fire to Regenerate Yellow-Poplar — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Damaging Hardwood Crop Trees with Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire to Control Annosus Root and Butt Rot — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Prescribed Fire and the Southern pine beetle — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Modeling Long-Term Interactions Among Forest Threats and Fuel Treatments in Central Oregon Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:26 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire to Control Brown spot needle blight — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Evaluating a Prescribed Burn — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Executing a Prescribed Burn — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Planning a Prescribed Burn — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Preparing for a Prescribed Burn — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Red Flag Situations in Prescribed Burning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Prescribed Burning Rules of Thumb — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

The Written Burn Plan — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Fire Severity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Fire Effects on Plants — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Digital Aerial SketchMapping — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:26 AM

 

Fire Effects on Fauna — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Fire Effects on Water Quality — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Fire Effects on Soil — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

Organizational page that introduces soil heating, fire effects on soil physical properties, soil organic matter, soil nutrients, soil organisms, soil erosion, and management guidelines for reducing fire effects on soil and water.

Fire Effects on Air Quality — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Air Quality Regulations and Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Magnitude of Fire Contributions to Air Quality Impact — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Characterization of Emissions from Fires — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Transport, Dispersion, and Modeling of Fire Emissions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Atmospheric and Plume Chemistry — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Estimating the Air Quality Impacts of Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

MC1 DGVM Seasonal Fire Forecasting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:26 AM

 

Smoke Impacts — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Recommendations for Future Research and Development — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Established Research Framework — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Emerging Research Needs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Health Effects of Smoke — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Welfare Effects of Smoke — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Economic and Social Consequences of Smoke — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Smoke and Highway Safety — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Fires — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Visibility — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Threats to Private Forest Land in the USA — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:26 AM

 

Emission Inventories — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Air Quality Monitoring — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Source Apportionment — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Speciated Rollback Model — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Chemical Mass Balance Model — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Ozone Formation in Plumes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Factors Affecting Plume Chemistry — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Emission Factors for Reactive Species — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Particle Formation in Plumes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

The Role of Heat Release in the Trajectory and Dispersion of Fire Emissions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

A Landscape Scale GIS Tool to Assess Eastern Hemlock Susceptibility to Hemlock Wooly Adelgid Infestation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:26 AM

 

The Role of Plume Rise and Buoyancy in the Trajectory and Dispersion of Fire Emissions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

The Role of Advection and Diffusion in the Trajectory and Dispersion of Fire Emissions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

The Role of Scavenging in the Trajectory and Dispersion of Fire Emissions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

The Role of Chemical Transformations in the Trajectory and Dispersion of Fire Emissions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Plume Models — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Puff Models — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Particle Models — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Grid Models — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Model Application — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Components of Smoke — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

A Multi-Criteria Framework for Producing Local, Regional, and National Insect and Disease Risk Maps — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:26 AM

 

Predicting Fire Emissions: Area Burned — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Predicting Fire Emissions: Preburn Fuel Characteristics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Predicting Fire Emissions: Fire Behavior — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Predicting Fire Emissions: Combustion Stages — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Predicting Fire Emissions: Fuel Consumption — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Predicting Fire Emissions: Emission Factors — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Total Emissions, Source Strength, and Heat Release Rate — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Smoke from Wildland Fires — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Smoke from Prescribed Fires — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Evaluating Risk to Forest Health and Sustainability with the Montreal Process Criteria and Indicators — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:26 AM

 

National Ambient Air Quality Standards — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Visibility, Regional Haze, and the Clean Air Act — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

EPA Interim Air Quality Policy on Wildland and Prescribed Fires — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Hazardous Air Pollutants — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Best Available Control Measures — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Effects of Fire on Soil Erosion — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Effects of Fire on Soil Physical Properties — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Effects on Soil Biota — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Effects on Soil Nutrients — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Nonpathogenic Fungi: Natural Regulators in Forest Ecosystems? — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Fire Effects on Soil Organic Matter — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Effects on Soils- Overview — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Management Guidelines for Reducing Fire Effects on Soil Erosion and Water — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Soil Heating During Fires — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Tools for Predicting Risk of Soil Erosion or Soil Damage Following Prescribed Burns — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Soil Rating Criteria for Potential Damage to Soil by Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Effects on Amounts of Soil Organic Matter (Carbon) and Nitrogen — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Charcoal and Its Effect on Soil Properties — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Effects on the Biological and Chemical Properties of Soil Organic Matter — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire and Root Disease Interactions in Coniferous Forests of the Inland West: Development of Decision Tools and Guidance for Supporting Healthy-Forest Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Introduction to Soil Biota — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Effects of Fire on Post-burn Soil Temperature and Moisture — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Effects on Stream Nutrients — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Effects on Stream Sediments — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Effects on Watershed Hydrology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Thermal Effects of Fire on Streams — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire and Riparian Zones — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire and Wetlands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Management Guidelines for Reducing Fire Effects on Soil Erosion and Water — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Effects on Fauna- Overview — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

About Us: The Forest Threats Encyclopedia — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-11-29 09:37 PM

The people and agencies behind the Encyclopedia of Forest Environmental Threats.

Conifer-Infesting Adelgids: Pre-Visual Detection for a Genus of Invasive Species of Insects in North American Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Direct Effects of Fire and Immediate Animal Responses — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Effects on Animal Populations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Effects on Communities — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Effects on Fauna at Landscape Scales — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Effects on Wildlife Foods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Effects on Birds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Effects on Mammals — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Effects on Reptiles and Amphibians — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Effects on Invertebrates — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Effects on Aquatic Fauna — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Vulnerability to Wind Damage in Maine Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Fire and Fauna: Management and Research Implications — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Effects on Periphyton — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Effects on Aquatic Macroinvertebrates — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Effects on Fish — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Effects of Fire on Pollinating Insects — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Injury and Mortality in Reptiles and Amphibians — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Reptile and Amphibian Emigration and Immigration — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Effects on Reptile and Amphibian Populations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Injury and Mortality in Mammals — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Escape, Emigration, and Immigration in Mammals — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Assessing Risk of a Destructive Forest Pathogen for Decision Making by Natural Resource Managers: A Case Study of Oak Wilt at Ft. Hood, TX — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Fire Effects on Mammal Populations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Injury and Mortality in Birds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Escape, Emigration, and Immigration in Birds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Effects on Bird Populations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Bird Community Responses to Understory Fire Regimes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Bird Community Responses to Stand-Replacement Fires in Grasslands and Shrub-Grasslands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Bird Community Responses to Stand-Replacement Fires in Forests and Woodlands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Bird Community Responses to Mixed-Severity Fire Regimes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Table: Classification of Changes in Bird Abundance into Response Categories — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Effects on Northern Bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Integration of Population Genetic Structure and Climate Modeling: Sustaining Genetic Resources through Evaluation of Projected Threats — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Bird Community Responses to Stand-replacement Fires in Shrublands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire and Bobwhite Survival — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire and Apparent Abundance of Bobwhites — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire and Bobwhite Nesting Biology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire and Bobwhite Food Resources — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Using Annual Prescribed Fire in Southern Pine Forests to Manage Northern Bobwhite — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire and Exotic Species that Influence Bobwhites — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire and Northern Bobwhite: Future Research Needs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Effects on Wildlife Foods in Southeastern Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Effects on Wildlife Foods in Eastern Deciduous Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

The Role of Road Network Analysis in Assessing Threats and Planning for Threat Reduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Fire Effects on Wildlife Foods in Prairie Grassland — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Effects on Wildlife Foods in Northern Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Effects on Wildlife Foods in Western Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Effects on Wildlife Foods in Western Woodlands, Shrublands, and Grasslands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Effects of Altered Fire Regimes on Animal Populations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Animal Influences on Postfire Habitat — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Autecology of Plants — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Effects of Fire on Plants- Overview — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Plant Mortality During and After Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Vegetative Regeneration After Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Cascading Threat Model Applications in Conducting Hazard and Risk Assessment for Wildfire and Post-Burn Flash Flood — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Seedling Establishment After Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

How Seasonal Influences Affect Plant Response to Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Sprouting of Woody Plants — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Sprouting of Grasses — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Sprouting of Forbs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Residence Time — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Depth of Burn — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Crown Scorch — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Composite Burn Index — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

The Need for Smoke Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Establishing a Nationwide Baseline of Historical Burn Severity Data to Support Monitoring of Trends in Wildfire Effects and National Fire Policies — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Problem and Nuisance Smoke — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Smoke Management Meteorology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Smoke Management: Techniques to Reduce or Redistribute Emissions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Smoke Management Programs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Smoke Management Program Administration and Evaluation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Techniques to Reduce the Amount of Smoke Emissions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Techniques to Redistribute Smoke Emissions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

The Use and Effectiveness of Emission Reduction and Redistribution Techniques — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Reduce the Area Burned — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Reduce Fuel Load — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Using Historical Imagery to Monitor and Assess Threats over Time — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Reduce Fuel Production — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Reduce Fuel Consumed — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Schedule Burning Before New Fuels Appear — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Increase Combustion Efficiency — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Air Pressure and Smoke — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Lapse Rates and Smoke — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Atmospheric Stability and Smoke — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Mixing Height and Smoke — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Temperature Inversions and Smoke — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Wind and Smoke — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Assessment of Habitat Threats to Shrublands in the Great Basin: A Case Study — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Atmospheric Moisture and Smoke — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Weather Forecasts and Smoke Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Climate and Smoke — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Smoke as a Southern Problem — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Problem Smoke: What is being done to Minimize the Problem? — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Knowledge and Attitudes about Fire Among Southerners — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

Preliminary organization page for the knowledge and attitudes section.

Integrating Natural Disturbances and Management Activities to Examine Risks and Opportunities in the Central Oregon Landscape Analysis — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

A History of People and Fire in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

Fire history is closely linked to human history in the South. This section describes the ways people used fire in the South during four periods of fire history: prehistory, history, fire suppression, and fire management. It also discusses several major re

Effects of Fire on Cultural Resources — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire in the Wildland Urban Interface — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

95% of fires in the Southeast potentially involve the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI). Fire in the wildland-urban interface is of unique concern because of special issues that differentiate it from other wildland fires, which, in turn, create a critical ne

Human Health Impacts of Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Management Policies — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Education Programs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Economic Impacts of Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

The Aesthetics of Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Recreation and Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

National Legislation Related to the Aesthetics of American Landscapes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Contribute to the Encyclopedia — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

Details on contributing papers to the Encyclopedia of Forest Environmental Threats.

Information Needs, Tolerance for Risk, and Protection from Risk: The Case of National Predictive Services Customers — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Planning Tools for Managing Landscape Aesthetics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Using Fire to Manage Aesthetics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire, Aesthetics, and Recreation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

The Meaning of Aesthetics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Incentives for wildfire risk management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

A Robinson Crusoe Economy — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Economic Externalities and Weak Incentives — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

The Effect of Insurance — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Public Wildfire Suppression — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Policy Options — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

A Spatial Model for Predicting Effects of Climate Change on Swiss Needle Cast Disease Severity in the Pacific Northwest — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Determining Fuel Moisture — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Fuel-Wetting Processes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Fuel-Drying Processes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Dead Woody Fuel Timelag Classes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Effects of Weather and Topography on Fuel Moisture — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Moisture Content of Ground Fuels — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Moisture Content of Slash — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Timelag Principle — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Concept of Moisture Equilibrium — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Fuel Moisture Variation in Evergreens — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Southern Pine Beetle Infestation Probability Mapping Using Weights of Evidence Analysis — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:26 AM

 

Fuel Moisture Variation in Grasses — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Heat Content (Heat Yield, Caloric Value, Heat of Combustion) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Volatile Compounds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Examples of Southern Fuels with High Surface Area-to-volume Ratios — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Methods for Estimating Fuel Loading — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Ground Fuels — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Surface Fuels — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Ladder Fuels — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Canopy Fuels — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Planning and Conducting Prescribed Burns — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Temperature and Humidity Patterns for SOD Risk Assessment in Coastal, Piedmont and Mountains of Georgia and South Carolina — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:26 AM

 

Uses of Prescribed Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

Provides links to content on 9 different uses of prescribed fire, such as hazardous fuel reduction, ecological restoration, site preparation, and wildlife habitat improvement.

Prescribed Fire and Public Relations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Weather and Fuel Considerations for Prescribed Burning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Firing Techniques — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

State Prescribed Burn Statutes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Alabama — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Arkansas — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Florida — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Georgia — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Kentucky — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Effects of Acid Deposition and Calcium Depletion on High Elevation Southern Appalachian Songbirds and Land Snails — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:26 AM

 

Louisana — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Mississippi — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

North Carolina — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Oklahoma — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Puerto Rico — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

South Carolina — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Tennessee — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Texas — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Virgin Islands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Virginia — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Evaluating the Impact of Invasive Species in Forest Landscapes: The Southern Pine Beetle and the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:26 AM

 

Backing Fires — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Strip-Heading Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Flanking Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Point Source Fires — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Aerial Ignition — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Center and Circular (Ring) Firing — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Pile and Windrow Burning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Wind Considerations in Prescribed Burning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Relative Humidity Considerations in Prescribed Burning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Temperature Considerations in Prescribed Burning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Identification of Non-Native Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Early Detection Rapid Response Program: A Cooperative Research/ Forest Health Protection Effort — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:26 AM

 

Rainfall and Soil Moisture Considerations in Prescribed Burning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Airmass Stability and Atmospheric Dispersion Considerations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Fine-Fuel Moisture Considerations in Prescribed Burning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Topographical Considerations in Prescribed Burning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Sources of Weather Information — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire for Hazardous Fuel Reduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire to Improve Wildlife Habitat — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire to Control Insects And Disease — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire for Range Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire to Enhance Appearance — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Attraction of Native and Exotic Ambrosia Beetles (Scolytidae) to Traps Baited with Ethanol and (-)-Alpha-Pinene in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:26 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire to Improve Access — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire to Perpetuate Fire-dependent Species — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire for Ecological Maintenance — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire for Silvicultural Objectives — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire to Manage Upland Hardwoods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire to Manage Pines — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire to Dispose of Logging Debris — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire to Manage Competing Vegetation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire to Prepare Sites for Seeding or Planting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

The Fell-and-Burn Technique — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Linking Climate with Invasive Species Dynamics on the Landscape — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:26 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire in the Silviculture of Loblolly Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire in the Silviculture of Longleaf Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire in the Silviculture of Pitch Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire in the Silviculture of Sand Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire in the Silviculture of Shortleaf Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire in the Silviculture of Slash Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire in the Silviculture of Virginia Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Silvicultural Systems in the Management of Virginia Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Silvicultural Systems in the Management of Slash Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Silvicultural Systems in the Management of Shortleaf Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Welcome to the Encyclopedia of Southern Pine Beetle — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

New Unified Global Classifications of Threats and Conservation Actions - the Foundation of a Systematic Conservation Science — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:26 AM

 

Silvicultural Systems in the Management of Sand Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Silvicultural Systems in the Management of Longleaf Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Seeding for Postfire Rehabilitation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

The Buildup of the Fire Control Infrastructure — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Beth Buchanan — by matthew — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

bclinton — by matthew — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Brian Hemel — by matthew — last modified 2009-01-28 11:56 AM

 

Ben Jackson — by matthew — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

brogers — by matthew — last modified 2009-01-28 12:01 PM

 

cevans — by matthew — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Cissy Fowler — by matthew — last modified 2009-01-28 11:54 AM

 

New Requirements for Fire Control in the Wildland Urban Interface in the 1990s — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Chyrel Mayfield — by matthew — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Deborah Kennard — by matthew — last modified 2009-01-28 11:26 AM

 

Demo — by matthew — last modified 2009-01-28 01:59 PM

 

Demo Account — by matthew — last modified 2009-01-28 01:13 PM

 

Michael Rauscher — by matthew — last modified 2009-01-28 11:19 AM

 

John Pye — by matthew — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Justin Marable — by matthew — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

rdicosty — by matthew — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Varner — by matthew — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Willow — by matthew — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Aerial Fire Control — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Brian Jordin — by matthew — last modified 2009-01-28 10:26 AM

 

Willows Home — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Spruce - Fir Communities — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Balds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

RockOutcrops — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

High Elevation Red Oak Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Pine-Oak/ Heath — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Dry Mixed Oak Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Northern Hardwoods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Cove Hardwood Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Chemical Fire Control — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Riparian Forests and Mountain Bogs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

The Influence of Forest Management on Vulnerability of Forests to Severe Weather — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Excessive wind, ice, and snow regularly cause major disturbances to forests in many parts of the world, significantly impacting both ecological conditions and economic returns to forest landowners.

Introduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Natural disturbances play an important role in forest stand dynamics and ecology, with effects that are highly dependent on characteristics of the specific disturbance.

Severe Weather and Forest Impacts — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

This section describes characteristics of severe weather storms and selected major events that have taken place in recent years as well as resulting impacts on forests.

High Winds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Hurricane-strength winds can cause severe defoliation and directly damage and kill trees through uprooting, breakage and loss of minor and major branches, and stem breakage.

Ice and Snow Storms — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Recurring ice and snow storms are a significant hazard to forests in temperate climates.

Increased Risk of Secondary Damages — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

The immediate loss of timber is not the only damage imposed by weather events.

Economic Impacts — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Because major severe weather events can cause the direct loss of great quantities of timber, large numbers of landowners can suffer revenue losses and the entire forest products sector can be affected.

Factors That Influence Vulnerability — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

The severity of wind, ice, and snow damage depends on the interaction of numerous biological, topographic, stand, tree, and management factors.

Weather Severity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

The intensity and duration of severe weather events are among the most important determinants of forest damage associated with severe weather.

Welcome to the Encyclopedia of Southern Forest Science — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:53 AM

 

Use of the Internet for Delivering Geospatial Data on Alien Forest Pests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

Communications during Fire Control and Suppression — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Site Conditions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Site conditions are commonly identified as influencing severe weather damage.

Tree Characteristics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

A number of studies have focused on relationships between wind, ice, and snow damage and various tree characteristics.

Stand Characteristics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Disturbances that open the canopy may increase the severity of damage from subsequent windstorms.

Management under Endogenous Risk — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

The probability of a severe weather event occurring is exogenous to the landowner; that is, landowners are unable to influence this probability through their own actions.

Damage Mitigation Options — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

The primary categories of damage mitigation options are site and stand selection, selection and timing of silvicultural treatments, and stand recovery activities.

Optimal Thinning and Rotation Decisions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

As an illustrative example of the implications of treating weather damage risk as endogenous, we examine optimal thinning and rotation decisions.

Policy Implications — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

To the extent that weather damage risk is endogenous, private and public forest managers may be able to improve ecological and economic returns by allowing for the effects of their decisions on risk.

Private Forest Management Decisions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

For forest industry, management of weather risk should be selected to maximize expected profitability, assuming risk neutrality.

Public Policy and Forest Stand Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Management of public lands to mitigate weather risk also is likely to differ from the profit-maximizing forest industry case.

Conclusions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Our review characterizes primary influences on damage risk as site, tree, or stand characteristics, each of which is influenced by forest management decisions.

Extended Attack, Project Fires, and Mega-Fires — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Soil Quality is Fundamental to Ensuring Healthy Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Government agencies, industrial landowners, and private landowners often strive to maintain soil quality after site management activities in order to maintain site productivity, hydrologic function, and ecosystem health.

Soil Quality — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Soil quality and function are interrelated concepts that represent the range of soil properties and their associated ecological processes.

Wildfire impacts — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Active fire suppression during the 20th century has increased OM volume on the soil surface in forest stands that historically had supported a regular fire-return interval (Oliver and others 1994).

Management Impacts — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

The Healthy Forest Restoration Act of 2003 was designed to help alleviate the accumulation of OM by using partial cuts and prescribed fires to remove small-diameter trees and surface OM from many forest stands.

Prescribed fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Prescribed fire, as a site preparation method or for underburning intact stands, is a major component of the restoration effort to reduce fuel levels in many forested ecosystems (McIver and Starr 2001).

Mechanical Soil Disturbance — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Soil displacement (removal of surface organic and mineral soil) is most often measured by the amount of forest floor removed. Loss of surface OM either by equipment or through accelerated erosion may produce detrimental changes if it is moved off-site, is unavailable to tree roots, or if mineral soil removal results in exposing subsoil horizons.

Acidic deposition and forest health — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

The risks posed by atmospheric deposition to forest health are complex because of distinct regional patterns of deposition and temporal variations in air quality (McLaughlin and Percy 1999).

Monitoring — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Current soil monitoring efforts primarily address changes in soil quality through measures of compaction, pH, water infiltration, hydrologic function, water availability, and plant-available nutrients, but do not address ecological function of a site (van Bruggen and Semenov 2000).

Summary and management implications — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Solutions to the current forest health problems are neither clear-cut nor easily managed (Tiedeman and others 2000).

Fire Control Tactics and Strategies — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Representing Human-Mediated Pathways in Forest Pest Risk Mapping — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Historically, U.S. forests have been invaded by a variety of nonindigenous insects and pathogens.

Introduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

In 2000, annual forest losses and control costs in the United States due to nonindigenous forest insects and pathogens were estimated at $4.3 billion, and that figure is likely to rise due to the increasing transport of species beyond their native habitats.

Forest Pest Risk Assessments and Risk Maps — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Forest pest risk assessments are intended to provide forest managers with information to prepare for such situations, and in turn, reduce the number of invasive species that become harmful pests.

Importance of Human-Mediated Pathways — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Pest risk maps are typically assembled using spatial data from three principal subject areas: host species distribution, environmental factors affecting pest persistence, (e.g., climate), and pathways of pest movement.

Goals of This Synthesis — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

During the past couple of years, we have collaborated with scientists from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET), the U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), and other organizations to develop national-scale risk maps for a suite of forest pests.

Foreign Cargo Statistical Data — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

International trade comprised 12 percent of the country’s freight tonnage in 1998, and that percentage is expected to double by 2020.

Foreign Marine Cargo Statistics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

In 2001, more than 78 percent of the total United States import tonnage was transported on cargo ships.

Foreign Air Cargo Statistics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

The U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics publishes monthly commercial air carrier survey information as part of its T-100 data bank.

Trans-Border Cargo Statistics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

The Bureau of Transportation Statistics publishes land border crossing data collected by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Customs and Border Detection Division.

Initial Attack Operations on a Wildfire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Commodity Coding Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

A consideration when using the above-described data sets is that any commodity information provided may be of limited specificity.

Domestic Commodity Movement Data — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Human activity enhances the spread of many invasive pests by enabling long-distance dispersal beyond their natural abilities.

Non-Networked Commodity Data — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

The U.S. Census Bureau and the Bureau of Transportation Statistics jointly issue Commodity Flow Survey reports and an accompanying database as part of a national Economic Census.

Spatially Explicit Transportation Networks — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Spatially explicit networks are regularly used for transportation planning and summary analysis.

Business Data — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Business data sets relevant to the topic of human-mediated pathways fall into two general categories: those that describe general geographic patterns of business activity and those that can be used to pinpoint and analyze individual businesses.

Industry/Business Classification Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

There are two primary industry/business classification systems.

General Business Data — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

The U.S. Census Bureau is a good source of general business patterns data.

Business Location Databases — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

ReferenceUSA is a subscription-based online business database.

Land Use/Landcover Data Sets — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

The last data category has a loose definition because it involves a wide assortment of data formats and sources.

Forest-Developed Interface Data — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Landcover maps derived from satellite imagery—such as the U.S. National Land Cover Data—may be analyzed using moving-window functions, to highlight edges between forest and developed landcover types.

Making Plans for Fire Suppression Activities — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Contemporary Land Use/Landcover Change — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

The wall-to-wall land use/landcover classification provided by the NLCD is sufficient for many analyses.

Application Examples — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

In the following sections, ways are detailed that data representing human-mediated pathways of forest pest spread have been or may be used for analytical purposes.

Sirex Woodwasp and Foreign Marine Cargo Statistics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

The sirex woodwasp (Sirex noctilio) primarily attacks Pinus species but, occasionally, will attack other conifers in the Pinaceae family.

Wood Product Flows from Canada and Mexico into the United States — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Cargo statistics data can also be used to explore risks associated with general pathways rather than specific pests.

Truck Traffic Data and Risk of Sirex noctilio Spread Beyond Points of Entry — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

This example builds on the previous example by using spatially explicit transportation network data to predict likely locations of Sirex noctilio spread beyond those initial ports of entry.

Network Model of Nursery Stock Flows — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

First recognized in the mid-1990s, the sudden oak death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum has infected live and red oaks in coastal forests in California and Oregon, with mortality rates of approxomately 40 percent.

Phytophthora ramorum and Production Nurseries — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Production nurseries present a higher risk of infecting nearby forests than retail nursery outlets due to several factors: large quantities of stock grown on-site; artificially high moisture levels conducive to the pathogen; and disproportionately large amounts of interface with natural forests.

Wildland-Urban Interface Data and Areas at Risk for Phytophthera ramorum Introduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

WUI coverages developed by the SILVIS Lab were used to examine spatial patterns of potential residential-to-forest landscape spread risk for P. ramorum.

Road Density Change and Increased Phytophthera ramorum Risk — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

A major concern for the refined P. ramorum risk map is identification of areas that may receive large quantities of nursery plant stock that are potentially infected by the pathogen.

Final Considerations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

One of the goals of this synthesis was to provide examples that would stimulate discussion and the interest of other researchers in looking for ways to represent human-mediated pathways in forest pest risk mapping efforts.

Mop-Up and Patrol at the End of Fire Control Operations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Utility of Data Sets — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

There are basically three overriding issues with respect to these data sets: attribute resolution, spatial scale, and imperfect representation of the pathway-related variable of interest.

Availability and Accessibility — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Many of the data sets described here are free or can be purchased for a small fee.

Areas of Future Research — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Additional data sets are continually sought to represent human-mediated pathways in forest pest risk maps, and such a large data mining task would clearly benefit from the contributions of additional researchers and analysts.

Decision-Making Under Risk in Invasive Species Management: Risk Management Theory and Applications — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Invasive species management is closely entwined with the assessment and management of risk that arises from the inherently random nature of the invasion process.

Introduction: The Role of Risk Management in Invasive Species Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

An overview of decision-making under risk in invasive species management, with an emphasis on the economic literature, is provided in this synthesis, and the following topics are discussed: an overview of invasive species management; the key factors causing invasions; the exclusion activities aimed at preventing introductions; post-introduction control activities; and trade-offs between multiple management strategies.

Defining Risk — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

In economics, the term is most often used to describe situations in which the results of a decision follow some sort of probability distribution.

Risk Assessment and Risk Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Risk analysis consists of risk assessment and risk management activities.

A (Brief) Primer in Economic Theory — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Some common economic concepts and terms used throughout the review are briefly covered in this section.

Invasive Species Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Invasive species management spans a variety of activities that can be grouped into three areas: exclusion, detection, and control.

Organizing Fire Control Operations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Factors Fueling the Invasion Process — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

This section focuses on the key factors that could contribute to the risk of invasions

Exclusion Strategies and Risk Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Exclusion strategies occupy much of the limelight in risk management for invasive species because the majority of species introductions have been attributed to human activities.

Policy and Market-Based Mechanisms to Manage the Risk of Introductions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The varying policies and market-based mechanisms aimed at reducing introductions produce substantially different outcomes and can lead to unintended effects such as economic losses.

Trade Policy — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Models that utilize taxes to manage invasive species introductions are discussed in this section.

Permit Trading Models — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

A tradable permit program is explored as an alternative to current regulation of ballast water to reduce the number of invasive species entering the Great Lakes.

Pure Uncertainty Versus Risk in Assessing Prevention Strategies — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Whereas it is assumed most decision-makers have some information that can help characterize risk in invasive species management, there may be cases where it is misleading to assign probabilities, and information is lost when the true lack of knowledge is overlooked.

Control Strategies — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

After the species successfully establishes, the decision-maker may employ several control strategies: eradicate the population, slow the spread of the population through spatial control strategies, or take no action.

Spatial Control Strategies — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Invasive species management is inherently about the management of land, or space.

Eradication as an Optimal Strategy — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Eradication as a control strategy yields the most desirable outcome--total elimination of the invasive species from the habitat--but this strategy often fails due to numerous obstacles that impede complete removal, leading many to question the circumstances when eradication is feasible and optimal.

Allocating Resources Among Multiple Strategies — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Since management activities in one stage have direct consequences on the rest of the invasion process, the decision-maker must concurrently analyze activities for multiple stages.

Preparing for Wildfires during the Off-Season — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Understanding Risk Mitigation Versus Adaptation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Risk analysis often treats mitigation and adaptation separately, but invasive species risk analysis needs to account for both of these actions for effective management practices.

Maximizing Welfare Through Invasive Species Management Activities — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Unlike the previous papers in this synthesis, the focus in this section is on the trade-offs between management strategies and their social benefits and costs.

Determining Optimal Allocations Based on Inter-Species Relationships — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Like humans, plants can be thought of as welfare maximizing organisms whose survival success depends on certain biological traits which can predict outcomes from interaction with other plants, humans, and their environment.

Focusing on the Cost Versus Damage Trade-Off to Identify Optimal Strategies — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Optimal strategies for multiple activities can be found by focusing on the trade-offs between the management costs and the species' damages deterred by engaging in the particular management activity.

Discussion — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Presented here is an overview of some of the existing frameworks for evaluating risk management from an economic perspective, recognizing that there are several research areas that require further investigation.

Wildland Arson — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Wildland arson comprises the majority of fire starts in some parts of the United States and is the second leading cause of fires on Eastern United States Federal forests.

Introduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Over 1.5 million fires are set by arsonists each year in the United States, resulting in over $3 billion in damages.

Wildland Arson Background — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

This section reviews conflicting trends of wildland arson and examines wildland arson in the context of crime.

Ground Control on Wildfires — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Spatial and Temporal Scope of the Wildland Arson Problem at the National and State Level in the United States — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Wildland arson fires on national forests have exhibited conflicting trends.

Wildland Arson in the Context of Crime — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Examination of wildland arson in the context of a crime can help researchers determine what might cause a criminal to decide to and/or successfully carry out wildland arson.

Crime and Criminology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Wildland arson is classified as one subset of arson, a serious crime that is tracked by State and national authorities.

National Crime Trends — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Between 1972 and 2004, nationwide index crimes have undergone a rise and then a fall.

Criminology Theories — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Rather than provide an extensive review of theories on the amount of crime, a brief description of Becker’s (1968) crime function and Cohen and Felson's (1979) label “Routine Activity Theory" is provided.

Spatio-Temporal Crime Processes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

This section describes crime and wildland arson as spatio-temporal processes.

Summary and Conclusions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

This section discusses law enforcement lessons and programs, wildland manager lessons, and future research and development needs.

Law Enforcement Lessons and Programs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Beginning with initial studies by Donoghue and Main (1985) through studies by the authors reported here, it seems clear that law enforcement deployment and other efforts to apprehend and incarcerate arsonists work to reduce wildland arson in the long run in high-arson locations in the United States.

Wildland Manager Lessons — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Wildland managers can use the same lessons as indicated for law enforcement.

Future Research and Development Needs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Modern studies of the spatial and temporal patterns of wildland arson are few, and much remains to be investigated.

Firefighter Safety — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Aesthetics and Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Effects of Fire on Recreation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

wildfire holding page — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Wildfire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

This section includes statistics of southern wildfires; methods of prevention, detection, and mitigation; control and suppression; and restoration and rehabilitation.

Wildland Fire Rehabilitation and Restoration — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Wildfire Statistics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Fuels — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Comparison of Fire Regime Classification Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Silvicultural Uses of Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 12:02 PM

 

Fire Control and Suppression — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 12:03 PM

 

deer — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 12:03 PM

 

Smoke management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Salt marsh — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 12:04 PM

 

quail — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 12:04 PM

 

Oak Diseases — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Distribution and Composition of Shrub Bogs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Conifer diseases — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Silvics of major species — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Fire Effects on Soil Organic Matter — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 01:15 PM

 

Fuels of Southern Wildlands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 01:21 PM

 

Abstract for the Ozark-Ouachita Highlands Ecosystem — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 01:31 PM

 

Fire Ecology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 01:32 PM

 

Abstracts of Scientific Syntheses — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

These abstracts summarize the synthesis papers being written for submission at the conference in July 2006 and slated for publication here and in book form.

Fire Regimes of Shrub Bogs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Community Descriptions (this should be the 2nd parent page) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Effects of fire exclusion and the return of prescribed fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Types of natural fires: Surface Fires, Ground fires, and Crown fires — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

test — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Forested Wetlands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

The Southern Forest Resource Assessment Summary Report — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Chapter 1 (TERRA-1): Terrestrial Ecosystems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Chapter 2 (TERRA–2): The History of Native Plant Communities in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Fire Effects in Shrub Bogs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Chapter 3 (TERRA-3): Human Influences on Forest Wildlife Habitat — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Chapter 4 (TERRA-4): Effects of Forest Management On Terrestrial Ecosystems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Chapter 5 (TERRA-5): Maintaining Species in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Chapter 6 (SOCIO-1): Land Use — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Images — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Tables — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Birds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Herps — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Prescribed Fire in Shrub Bogs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Southern Pine Beetle - History — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

The History of Dogwood Anthracnose and its Spread in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 01:46 PM

Dogwood anthracnose is a relatively new disease to North America. It was first observed in 1976. Although the origin of dogwood anthracnose is unknown, the results of DNA analysis combined with its rapid spread have led many to conclude it was introduce

The Pathogen and Environmental Effects on its Development — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 02:37 PM

Several environmental factors, such as light exposure, water relations, acid rain, and topographic factors have all been correlated with the incidence and severity of dogwood anthracnose.

Research Gaps in the Study of Dogwood Anthracnose — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

There are still many gaps in our knowledge of this relatively new disease.

Symptoms of Dogwood Anthracnose — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 01:55 PM

Dogwood anthracnose affects leaves, bracts, current-year shoots, localized areas of bark and cambium of trunk or branches, fruits, and seeds of C. florida.

Managing Dogwood Anthracnose — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 01:56 PM

More options exist for managing ornamental dogwoods in landscaped areas than natural populations of dogwood in forest sites.

Gypsy Moth Identification — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Recreation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:40 PM

 

Distribution and Ecological Associates of Pond Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Silviculture Treatments — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 02:47 PM

Forest management is an important part of every operation and the enhanced production of biomass is no different.

Harvesting, Processing, and Delivering Biomass — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:19 PM

Parent page for Harvesting

Demand for harvesting biomass feedstocks — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:20 PM

 

Who are the buyers — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:20 PM

 

Where are the buyers — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:21 PM

 

Are there markets — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:21 PM

 

Assessment of current and new systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:21 PM

 

Forest Logistics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:22 PM

 

Interrelationships with existing harvesting systems and forest management objectives — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:22 PM

 

Fire Effects and Fire Ecology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Costs of harvesting biomass feedstocks — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:22 PM

 

Benefits and potential impacts of operations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:22 PM

 

Harvesting costs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:23 PM

 

Drying costs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:23 PM

 

Storage costs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:23 PM

 

Secondary delivery costs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:23 PM

 

Where the harvesting/processing takes place — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:24 PM

 

Transportation from site to site — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:24 PM

 

Harvesting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:24 PM

 

Processing — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:25 PM

 

Pond Pine: Intense Fire Adaptations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Delivery — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:25 PM

 

Storage — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:25 PM

 

Is the Production of Bio-based Products for Me? — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:26 PM

One must make sure that biomass production is right for their operation before beginning making major operational changes.

Silviculture — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:26 PM

 

Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:26 PM

 

Silviculture Alternatives — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:27 PM

There are several different silvicultural techniques that can be practiced in the production of forest biomass.

Site Preparation and Regeneration — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:27 PM

Site preparation and regeneration are two critical steps in any silvicultural system.

Species Selection — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:27 PM

Species selection plays an important role in the biomass production scheme.

Stand Dynamics and Density Management Strategies — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:28 PM

 

Best Management Practices — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:28 PM

 

Prescribed Fire in Pond Pine Cover Types — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Planted Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:29 PM

 

Natural Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:29 PM

 

Mixed Oak-Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:29 PM

 

Upland Hardwood — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:29 PM

 

Lowland Hardwood — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:29 PM

 

Fast Growing Woody Species — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:30 PM

 

Timber Harvest Residues — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:30 PM

 

Small Diameter Woody Biomass — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:38 PM

 

Short Rotation Woody Crops — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:38 PM

 

Low Value Species — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:39 PM

 

Distribution and Composition of Pocosins and Large Shrub Bogs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Sustainable Production Rates — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:39 PM

 

Landowner Objectives — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:39 PM

Landowner objectives play a large role in determining how biomass production will fit into a particular operation.

Site Characteristics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 03:40 PM

The characteristics of a particular site also play a role in determining if biomass production is right for your operation.

Alabama Redbelly Turtle — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Pied-billed Grebe — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Least Bittern — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Great Blue Heron — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Wood Duck — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fire Regimes of Pocosins and Large Shrub Bogs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Mallard — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Hooded Merganser — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Black Vulture — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Turkey Vulture — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Osprey — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 1 (TERRA-1) Tables — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 2 (TERRA–2) Tables — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 3 (TERRA-3) Tables — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 5 (TERRA-5) Tables — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 6 (SOCIO-1) Tables — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fire Effects in Pocosins and Large Shrub Bogs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Chapter 7 (SOCIO-2) Tables — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 8 (SOCIO-3) Tables — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 10 (SOCIO-5) Tables — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 11 (SOCIO-6) Tables — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 12 (SOCIO-7) Tables — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 13 (TIMBR-1) Tables — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 14 (TIMBR-2) Tables — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 16 (HLTH1) Tables — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 17 (HLTH-2) Tables — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 18 (HLTH-3) Tables — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Abstracts of Case Studies — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

These abstracts summarize the case studies accepted for oral presentation at the conference. Most will also result in papers to be submitted at the conference and slated for publication on this web site and in book form.

Prescribed Fire in Pocosins and Large Shrub Bogs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Chapter 19 (AQUA-1) Tables — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 20 (AQUA-2) Tables — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 21 (AQUA-3) Tables — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 22 (AQUA-4) Tables — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 23 (AQUA-5) Tables — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 25 (FIRE) Tables — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 1 (TERRA–1) Images — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 2 (TERRA–2) Images — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 5 (TERRA-5) Images — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 6 (SOCIO-1) Images — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Shrubs of Pocosins and Shrub Bogs: Adaptations to Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Chapter 7 (SOCIO-2) Images — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 8 (SOCIO-3) Images — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 10 (SOCIO-5) Images — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 11 (SOCIO-6) Images — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 13 (TIMBR-1) Images — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 14 (TIMBR-2) Images — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 15 (TIMBR-3) Images — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 16 (HLTH-1) Images — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 17 (HLTH-2) Images — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 18 (HLTH-3) Images — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fire vs. Nutrient Availability: Successional Relationships of Peatland Communities — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Chapter 19 (AQUA-1) Images — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 20 (AQUA-2) Images — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 23 (AQUA-5) Images — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chapter 24 (History) Images — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Key Findings — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Introduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Methods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-02-02 09:31 AM

 

Historical Land Use — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Key Findings — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Freshwater Marshes: Community Description — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Introduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-02-02 09:34 AM

 

Methods and Data Sources — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Results — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Needs for Additional Research — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Acknowledgments — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Literature Cited — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Tables and Figures — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 5.1--Bird Species in the South that are Listed as Threatened (T) or Endangered (E) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 5.2--Species Richness by Physiographic Area for Birds of the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 5.3--Bird Species of Concern in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fire Regime of Freshwater Marshes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Table 5.4--Amphibian Species in the South That are Listed as Threatened (T) or Endangered (E) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 5.5--The Relationships of Amphibians to Physiographic Features and Other Habitat Elements — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 5.6--The Relationship Between Forest Cover Type and Amphibian Occurrence in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 5.7--The Relationship Between Forest Successional Stage and Amphibian Occurrence in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 5.8--Reptile Species Within the South That are Listed as Threatened (T) or Endangered (E) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 5.9--The Relationships of Reptiles to Physiographic Features and Other Habitat Elements — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 5.10--The Relationship Between Forest Cover Type and Reptile Occurrence in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 5.11--The Relationship Between Forest Successional Stage and Reptile Occurrence in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 5.12--Mammal Species Within the South That are Listed as Threatened (T) or Endangered (E) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 5.13--Bat Species Occurring Within the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fire Effects in Freshwater Marshes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Table 5.14--Important Habitat Components and Associated Management Guidelines for Selected Mammals in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 5.1--Geographic Patterns of Diversity by State Within the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 5.2--Species Richness by Major Subgroups of Avian Taxa Occurring Within the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 5.3--The Distribution of Partners in Flight Physiographic Regions Within the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 5.4--Species Richness by Major Subgroups of Amphibian Taxa Occurring Within the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 5.5--Species Richness by Major Subgroups of Reptilian Taxa Occurring Within the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 5.6--Species Richness by Major Subgroups of Mammalian Taxa Occurring Within the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 5.7--The Distribution of Terrestrial Vertebrates Listed as Endangered Throughout the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 5.8--The Distribution of Terrestrial Vertebrates Listed as Threatened Throughout the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Birds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-02-02 09:40 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire in Freshwater Marshes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Amphibians — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-02-02 09:43 AM

 

Reptiles — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-02-02 09:57 AM

 

Mammals — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-02-02 12:23 PM

 

Discussion and Conclusions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-02-02 12:27 PM

 

Key Findings — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Introduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Methods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Data Sources — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Results — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Discussion and Conclusions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Melaleuca: Distribution and Ecological Associates — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Needs for Additional Research — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Literature Cited — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Historical Perspective — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-02-02 12:31 PM

 

Wildlife and Forest Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-02-02 01:54 PM

 

Stand-Level Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Ecological Basis of Silviculture — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Silvicultural Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Wildlife Management Techniques — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Ecological Variables — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Key Findings — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fire and Melaleuca Biology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Introduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Methods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Data Sources — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Results — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Discussion and Conclusions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Needs for Additional Research — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Acknowledgments — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Literature Cited — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Tables — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 3.1--Exotic Invasive Plants of Southern Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fire Regime Changes and Melaleuca — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Table 3.2--Introduced Terrestrial Wildlife Species in Southern Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 3.3--Some Southeastern Forest Bird Species and Their Sensitivities to Urban and Suburban Development — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Effects of Exotic Plants and Animals — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Human Land Use changes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Linear Land Uses (Roads, Power Lines, and Trails) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Effects of Exotic Plants and Animals — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Effects of Urbanization — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Effects of Agricultural Land Uses — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Effects of Linear Land Uses (Roads, Power Lines, and Trails) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Effects of Exotic Species on Forest Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Abstracts of Poster Presentations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

These abstracts summarize the posters being created for presentation at the conference in July 2006.

Prescribed Fire and Melaleuca — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Effects of Urbanization on Forest Wildlife — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Effects of Agricultural Land Use on Forest Wildlife — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Effects of Linear Land Uses (Roads, Power Lines, and Trails) on Forest Wildlife — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Effects of Exotic Species on Forest Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Human Land Use Changes and Forest Wildlife — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-02-02 02:21 PM

 

Linear Land Uses (Roads, Power Lines, and Trails) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-02-02 01:42 PM

 

Impacts of Exotic Plants and Animals — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Land Use Changes in Forested Habitats — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Linear Land Uses (Roads, Power Lines, and Trails) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Key Findings — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Distribution and Composition of Cypress Ponds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Introduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-02-02 03:02 PM

 

Methods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-02-02 02:57 PM

 

Results — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Discussion and Conclusions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Needs for Additional Research — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Acknowledgments — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Literature Cited — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Tables and Figures — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 2.1--Percentage of Wetland Acres Lost in Southeast, 1780’s Through 1980’s — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 2.2—Thousands of Acres of Timberland in Southern States, by Ownership Class — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fire Regime of Pond Cypress Wetlands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Figure 2.1--Distribution of Imperiled Vascular Plant Species in the South Based on the Number of Occurrences in Equal-Area Hexagons — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 2.2--Distribution of Imperiled Vascular Plant Species in the South Based on the Number of Occurrences in Counties — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Prehistory of Southern Native Plant Communities — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-02-16 03:51 PM

 

Southern Native Plant Communities in Historical Times — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-02-02 03:27 PM

 

The Current Condition of Native Plant Communities in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Rare Plant Species in the Southern Region — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Key Findings — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Introduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-02-02 03:29 PM

 

Methods and Data Sources — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Results — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fire Ecology of Pond Cypress Wetlands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Federal Fire Agency Programs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

State Fire Education Programs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Interagency Fire Education Programs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Non-Governmental Fire Education Programs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

A list of fire education efforts by several non-governmental organizations.

Effects of Fire Education Programs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Obstacles to Implementing Fire Education — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

PowerPoint Presentations from the Wildland/Urban Interface Prevention Exchange workshop that was held in Birmingham, Alabama in May 2003 — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Hazard Identification — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire, Human Health, and Air Quality — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Exposure Assessment — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Assessing Insect-Induced Tree Mortality Across Large Areas with High-Resolution Aerial Photography in a Multistage Sample — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Dose-Response Assessment — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Risk Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Limitations of Research on Health Effects of Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Dose Exposures to Air Pollutants Among Firefighters — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Psychosocial Responses to Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Psychological Issues Among Wildland Firefighters — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Special Issues in Wildland Urban Interface Fires — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

WUI fires are complex because they are both wildland and structural fires that, traditionally, have been treated differently by firefighting organizations.

Mitigating Fire Hazard in the Wildland Urban Interface — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

Image of a Virginia Department of Forestry sign that notifies the public about current fire danger levels.

Programs and Standards for Fire Safety in the Wildland Urban Interface — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

National standards for creating low fire risk conditions in the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) have primarily come through the NFPA and Firewise Communities Program. Those standards are then implemented through various state or local programs that promote

Fuel Management in the Wildland Urban Interface — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

Fuel management modifies the hazard posed by vegetation and structures by: reducing the available fuel (dead and living) in broad areas through prescribed fires or other methods; creating defensible space by converting the vegetation to a less-flammable t

Modeling Potential Movements of a Ash Threat: The Emerald Ash Borer — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Risk Assessments in the Southern Wildland Urban Interface — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

The assessment of risk helps establish priorities for: 1) guiding community development, 2) assisting landowners with their landscaping and home design, 3) planning fuel modification treatments, and 4) allocating fire suppression resources.

Definition of Cultural Resources — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

Cultural resources and related terms are defined. Examples of cultural resources in the South are given.

The Effects of Prescribed Burning on Cultural Resources — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

Fire Effects on Archaeological Materials — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

Prehistoric cultural resources are discussed with review of research on the ways fire affects prehistoric items.

Fire Effects on Archaeological Dating Techniques — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

Fire has the potential to interfere with several common techniques for determining the dates when artifacts were produced that is an important component in attempts to reconstruct the history and meaning of cultural resources from the prehistoric and hist

Guidelines for Protecting Cultural Resources — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

Outlines procedures land managers can use to protect cultural resources.

Federal Legislation Related to Fire and Cultural Resources — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

Provides a table listing legislation that governs the protection and management of cultural resources.

Previous Research About Fire Effects on Cultural Resources — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

Reviews the disciplines involved in the study of fire and cultural resources and methods used by scientists in their studies.

Standard Protocol for Resource Advisors in Federal Fire Management Operations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

Describes the role of resource advisors.

Training for Managing Cultural Resources — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

Lists specific courses that train resource managers how to handle cultural resources in relation to fire.

Characterizing the Range and Variability of Pre-Management Era and Future Vegetation to Support Forest Plan Revision, Project-Level Planning, and Implementation in Central Oregon — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Human Use of Fire in Prehistory (12,500 BP to AD 1540s) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

Describes fire use by prehistoric peoples including the Clovis Indians, Paleo-Indians, Woodland Indians, and Mississippian Indians. Scientists believe that prehistoric Native Americans increased fire frequency and expanded the seasonality of natural fires

Human Use of Fire in History (1540s to 1900s) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

This section describes the use of fire by first European settlers, Native American groups after contact, and Euro-American farmers. Major changes in fire regimes, linked to monumental social and environmental changes, occurred during the historical era.

Ethnohistorical Descriptions of Indian Burning Practices — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

Explains value of historical documents for determining historical fire regimes and gives samples of clues in ethnohistorical writings from explorers and settlers who traveled through the South.

The Period of Fire Suppression and Other Fire Regimes (1890s to 1980s) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

Outlines human-caused fires in the late-1800s due to logging and railroads and farming, through the 1940s when land managers began using prescribed fires. The fire suppression movement began in the late 1890s on the platform that fire destroyed forests a

Fire Management (1940s to Present) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

“Fire management” refers to the current prevailing approach to land management in which prescribed fire is used to restore and maintain healthy ecosystems. Viewers will read about some of the philosophies and cultural changes that led to governmental

Research Issues in History of Fire and People — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

Outlines research methods used to determine fire histories, the application of fire history, and debates about fire history.

Overview of the Fire History Section — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

Overview of the Fire History Section

Use of Fire by Prehistoric Native American Cultures — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

Describes purposes for and techniques of burning by Clovis Indians, Paleo-Indians, Woodlands Indians, and Mississippian Indians.

The Link Between Human History, Fire Regimes, and Vegetation in the Prehistoric South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

Archaeological evidence of changes people caused in prehistoric fire regimes in the South.

The Meaning of Knowledge and Attitudes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:59 AM

 

A Methodology for Assessing Annual Risk of Southern Pine Beetle Outbreaks across the Southern Region Using Pheromone Traps — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Tools to Help Managers Understand Public Knowledge and Attitudes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Barriers to Public Support of Fuel Reduction Strategies — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Factors Affecting Southerners’ Knowledge and Attitudes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

The Link between Attitudes about Fire and Environmental Values — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Southerners’ Attitudes About Prescribed Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Southerners’ Attitudes about Wildfire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Southerners’ Attitudes about Creating Defensible Space — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Tourism and Perceptions of Fire in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

The Landscape — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Resource Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Developing and Validating a Method for Monitoring and Tracking Changes in Southern Pine Beetle Hazard at the Landscape Level — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Socio-Economics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

The South supports the most productive forestland in the world. Forests allowed the South to develop and flourish. They provide many goods and services from water and air filtration, to employment opportunities, to wood products, and to recreational act

Forest Health Protection — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Ecology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Sustainability — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Terrestrial Ecosystems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Wetlands and Marshes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Restoration of Ecosystems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Wildlife Ecology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Biodiversity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Fire Ecology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

An Aquatic Multi-Scale Assessment and Planning “Framework” — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Insect Stressors — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Disease Stressors — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Invasive Exotic Plants — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Integrated Pest Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Abiotic Stressors — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Climate Change — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Extreme Weather — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Air Quality — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Fire Effects — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Fire Regimes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Modeling the Introduction and Establishment Risk for Phytophthora alni in the United States — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Smoke Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Water Quality — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Soil Quality — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Effects on Plants — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Effects on Animals — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Fire and People — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Air Quality — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Coastal Plain Region — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Piedmont Region — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Mountains and Interior Highlands Regions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Analyzing Risks to Protected Areas in Colorado Using the Human Modification Framework — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Oak-Hickory Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Mixed Mesophytic Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Table Mountain Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Pitch and Virginia Pines — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Southern Forest Types with Long Fire-Return Intervals — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Shortleaf Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Longleaf Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Slash Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Loblolly Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Pond Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Threats Conference 2006 — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

Logistics, program and presentation abstracts from the conference in Boulder, CO in 2006 titled "Advances in Threat Assessment and Their Application to Forest and Rangeland Management"

Modeling Contemporary Climate Profiles and Predicting their Response to Global Warming for Several Western Forest Species with Small Geographic Distributions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Sand Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Bay Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Atlantic White Cedar — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Bottomland Hardwoods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Other Community Types — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Primary and Secondary Pollutants — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Visibility — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Toxic Air Pollutants — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Air Quality Research Needs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Acid Deposition — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

An Actuarial Approach to Modeling Wildfire Risk — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Acid Deposition Effects on Aquatic Resources — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Effects of Acid Deposition on Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Nitrogen Saturation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Primary- Sulfur Dioxide — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Primary- Nitrogen Oxides — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Primary- Volatile Organic Compounds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Primary- Particulate Matter — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Secondary- Ozone — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Hurricanes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Tornadoes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Modeling Current Climate Conditions for Forest Pest Risk Assessment — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Floods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Drought — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Ice Storms — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Mitigating Negative Impacts on Southern Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Carbon Sequestration- What is it? — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Carbon Sequestration- Current Estimates of Forest Carbon — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Loblolly Pine Study — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Carbon Credits for Landowners — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Impact of Pests on Southern Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Probabilistic Risk Models for Multiple Disturbances: An Example of Bark Beetles and Wildfire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Planning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Prevention — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Direct Control — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Indirect Control — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Legalities — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Economic and Ecological Effects — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Pathways of Exotic Invasives — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Plants — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Invasive Plant Control — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Prevention — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Risk Analysis and Guidelines for Harvest Activities in Wisconsin Oak Timberlands to Minimize Oak Wilt Threat — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Eradication — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Suppression — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Biological Control — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Rehabilitation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Trees — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Shrubs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Vines — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Grasses — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Forbs and Subshrubs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Garlic Mustard — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Threat Assessment Using an Integrative Approach of Probabilistic Risk Modeling and Stochastic Programming with an Application to Southern Pine Beetle Outbreaks — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Lespedeza Species — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Purple Loosestrife — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Cogongrass — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Nepalese Browntop — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Chinese Silvergrass — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Japanese Honeysuckle — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Oriental Bittersweet — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Kudzu — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Air Yam/Chinese Yam — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Wintercreeper — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Moderate Resolution Data and Gradient Nearest Neighbor Imputation for Regional-National Risk Assessment — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Japanese Climbing Fern — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Chinese Wisteria/Japanese Wisteria — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Chinese Privet — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Multiflora Rose — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Bush Honeysuckle — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Autumn Olive — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Thorny Olive — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Winged Burning Bush — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Tree of Heaven — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Paulownia — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Perceptions, Impacts, Actions, Shared Values and Trust: The Experience of Community Residents in a Fire-Prone Ecosystem — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Chinaberry Tree — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Tallowtree — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Mimosa — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Examples of Intentionally Introduced Invasive Nonnative Weeds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Diseases of Conifers — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Diseases of Hardwoods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Diseases Associated with Oaks — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Dogwood Anthracnose — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Beech Bark Disease — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Butternut Canker — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

A Decision Support System for Evaluating Wildland Fire Danger and Prioritizing Vegetation and Fuels Treatments — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Chestnut Blight — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Dutch Elm Disease — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Other Generalized Diseases — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Hardwood Plantation Diseases — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Root and Butt Rot/Wood Decay Fungi — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Insect-Wood Decay Complexes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Oak Wilt — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Oak Decline — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Sudden Oak Death — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Fusiform Rust — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Spread of an Invasive Plant on Alaska’s Roads and River Networks: A Path Analysis — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Annosus Root Disease — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Brown Spot Needle — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Littleleaf Disease — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Pitch Canker — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Insect Pests of Conifers — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Insect Pests of Hardwoods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Gypsy Moth — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Asian Longhorned Beetle — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Beech Scale — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Forest Tent Caterpillar — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

EMDS Example Introduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Knowledge Base Structure — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Example EMDS Analysis — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

EMDS Case Study Discussion — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Forest Level or Stragetic planning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Project Level Implementation or Tactical Planning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Functional Service Modules — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Regional Assessments — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Fuzzy Logic in NetWeaver — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Language: A Way to Capture and Manipulate Knowledge — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Fire Ecology and Management of Oak Savannas — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Hypermedia Systems for Managing Descriptive Knowledge — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Knowledge-Based and Simulation Models for Managing Predictive Knowledge — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Decision Support Systems for Prescriptive Knowledge Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

A Brief History of Management Viewpoints — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Defining Ecosystem Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Comparing Ecosystem Management with Multiple-Use/Sustained Yield — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Problems with Ecosystem Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Implementing Ecosystem Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Predicting and Modeling Hardwood Regeneration — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Forestry Growth and Yield Models — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Fire Ecology and Management of Shortleaf Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

The Southern Variant of FVS — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Southern Appalachian Hardwood Forest Growth and Yield Models and Their Accuracy — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Results: Overall Model Performance — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Accuracy Testing Measures — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Specific Model Performance — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Regeneration Modeling for Managers — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Predicting Reproduction in the Appalachian Uplands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Prediction of Oak Regeneration in Bottomland Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Decision Making for Natural Regeneration (Marquis and Twery) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Regenerating Northern Red Oak in the Southern Appalachians — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Shortleaf Pine Community Description — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Essential Concepts for Predicting Oak Regeneration — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Predicting Acorn Production — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Predicting Seedling Cohort Dynamics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Predicting Seedling Sprout Dynamics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Predicting Stump Sprout Dynamics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Introduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

The Oak Regeneration Problem — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Assessing Red Oak Regeneration Potential — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Increasing Red Oak Regeneration Potential — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Limits of Application — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Historic Fire Regimes of Shortleaf Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Decision Making for Natural Regeneration (Marquis and Twery) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Decision Making for Natural Regeneration (Marquis and Twery) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Decision Making for Natural Regeneration (Marquis and Twery) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Decision Making for Natural Regeneration (Marquis and Twery) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Decision Making for Natural Regeneration (Marquis and Twery) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Introduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

The Johnson Prediction Model — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Testing the Johnson Prediction Model — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Results of Model Evaluation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Management Recommendations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Fire Effects on Shortleaf Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Introduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Regeneration Model Review — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

The ACORn Simulator — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Predicting Regeneration Quality — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Regeneration Surveys — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Site Index — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Physiographic Classification — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Ecological classification — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Soil-Site Relationships — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Moist Cove and Slope Forest — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Managing Shortleaf Pine with Prescribed Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Dry Slope and Ridge Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Northern Forest — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Site Quality Indicator Plants — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Silviculture: An Overview — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Regeneration Harvest Methods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Site Preparation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Intermediate Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

This section defines the the various silvicultural techniques defined as intermediate management.

Alternative Silvicultural Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Long Rotations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Structural Restoration — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Thursday Morning Plenary — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

Effects of Fire Suppression — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Research Needs of Alternative Silvicultural Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Structural Retention — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Objectives of Structural Retention — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Examples of Variable-Retention Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Design Elements in a Variable-Retention Harvest System — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Management Issues in the Application of Variable Retention — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Thinnings — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Release Operations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Improvement, Sanitation, and Salvage Cuttings — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Crop-Tree Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Historic Fire Season — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Managing Aesthetic Crop Trees — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Managing Water-Quality Crop Trees — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Pruning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Fertilizing Hardwood Stands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Managing Timber Crop Trees — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Managing Wildlife Crop Trees — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Crop-Tree Management -The Process Defined — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Identify Landowners Property Goals — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Establish Stand-Specific Objectives — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Develop Crop-Tree Selection Criteria — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Stand Establishment — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Inventory the Property — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Explain the Proposed Treatment to the Landowner — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Decide How Many Crop Trees to Release Per Acre — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Decide Which Trees to Cut to Release the Crop Trees — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Mark Crop Trees and Trees to Cut — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Remove Trees — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Creating Snags for Wildlife — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Oak Crop-Tree Selection — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

White Pine Tree-Crop Selection — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Hemlock Crop-Tree Selection — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Distribution and Composition of Oak Savannas — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Improvement Cuttings — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Sanitation Cuttings — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Salvage Cuttings — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Weedings — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Cleanings — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Liberation Cuts — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Biological Considerations for Release Operations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Economic Considerations for Release Treatments — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Effects of Site Quality, Age, and Density on Tree Growth — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Effects of Thinning on Tree Growth — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Fire Regime and Other Disturbances in Oak Savannas — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Using Stocking Guides — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Using Yield Tables — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Financial Considerations and Thinning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Selecting a Thinning Method — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Assessing Competition and Vigor — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Low Thinning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Crown Thinning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Selection Thinning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Mechanical Thinning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Free Thinning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Fire Effects on Vegetation and Animals — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Marking Stands for Thinning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Mechanical Site Preparation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Prescribed Burning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Using Herbicides in Silviculture — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Advantages and Disadvantages of Herbicides — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Precautions with Herbicide Application — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Effects of Herbicides on Soil and Water — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Environmental Effects of Fire and Prescribed Burning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Management Issues and Prescribed Burning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Status of Prescribed Burning in the Southern Appalachians — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Decline of Oak Savannas — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Obstacles to the Use of Prescribed Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Important Questions to Ask in Developing a Fire Management Program — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Fire Management Options — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Ecosystem-Based Framework for Evaluating Prescribed Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Creating "Pristine" Ecosystem Conditions With Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Effects of Fire on Wildlife — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Effects of Fire on Biodiversity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Effects of Fire on Threatened and Endangered Species — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Effects of Fire on Water Quality — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Effects of Fire on Air Quality — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Restoration and Maintenance of Oak Savannas — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Effects of Fire on Human Health and Welfare — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Effects of Fire on Aesthetics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Effects of Fire on Plants — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Fire Effects on Soil — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Effects of Fire on Soil Physical Properties — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Effects of Fire on Soil Nutrients — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Effects of Fire on Pines — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Effects of Fire on Hardwoods Other Than Oak — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Effects of Fire on Succession — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Effects of Fire on Oaks — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Historic Fire Regimes of Grassy and Heath Balds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Adaptations of Oaks to Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Negative Impact of Fire Suppression on Oaks — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Benefits of Fire for Oaks — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Contradictory Evidence — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Two-Aged Methods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Even-Aged Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Uneven-Aged Methods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Coppice Methods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Natural vs. Artificial Regeneration Methods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Regeneration Potential — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Fire Effects on Flora and Fauna of Grassy and Heath Balds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Simple Coppice Methods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Coppice-with-Standards Method — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Advantages and Disadvantages of Coppice-With-Standards — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Advantages and Disadvantages of Simple Coppice Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Uneven-Aged Stand Development — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Single-Tree Selection — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Advantages and Disadvantages of Uneven-Aged Silviculture — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Group Selection — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

How to Apply the Selection System — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Selecting Maximum Tree Diameter in Selection Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Tuesday Afternoon - Concurrent A — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire to Manage Grassy and Heath Balds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Selecting Residual Stocking Level in Selection Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Selecting Cutting Cycle Length in Selection Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Preparing Marking Guides in Selection Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Modifying Selection Systems for Different Management Goals — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Q-Structure in Selection Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Q-Structure — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Limitations of Using Q-Structures in Selection Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

How to Implement Patch Selection — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Patch and Strip Selection Methods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Economics of Logging in the Group Selection Method — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

Group selection methods include a combination of logging activities within a given stand. Some parts of the stand are logged similar to a clearcut operation where all merchantable trees are felled and skidded, and nonmerchantable tress are simply felled a

Northern Hardwood Ecosystem Description — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

The Clearcutting Method — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

The Seed-Tree Method — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

The Shelterwood Method — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Selecting Seed Trees and Reserve Trees — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Determining an Appropriate Level of Residual Stocking — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Stocking — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Seed-Tree Method — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Precautions for Harvesting Seed and Reserve Trees — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Clearcutting Method — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Adaptive Silviculture: An Alternative for Nonindustrial Private Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Historic Fire Regimes of Northern Hardwoods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Even-Aged Methods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Comparing Silvicultural Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

Maintaining species diversity is thought to be the key to sustaining the productivity of Appalachian forests. Silvicultural practices that create larger canopy openings (> 0.5 acres) at the appropriate times can be used to regenerate virtually all desirab

Old-Growth — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Wilderness and Roadless Areas — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Biodiversity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Aesthetics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Aesthetics and Forest Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Aesthetics and Ethnicity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Definitions of Biodiversity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Methods of Assessing Biodiverity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Effects of Fire on Northern Hardwood Vegetation and Wildlife — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Factors Influencing Patterns Of Biodiversity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Resilience — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Threats to Biodiversity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Forest Management and Biodiversity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Endangered Species Act — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Can Managed Forests Contribute to the Conservation of Biodiversity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Impacts of Forest Management on Landscape Diversity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Impacts of Forest Management on Ecosystem Diversity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Impacts of Forest Management on Community Diversity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Impacts of Forest Management on Species Diversity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Effects of Fire Suppression in Northern Hardwoods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Impacts of Forest Management on Genetic Diversity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Managing Wilderness and Roadless Areas — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Indirect Benefits of Wilderness to Humans — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Value of Wilderness — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Extent and Location of Wilderness and Roadless Areas — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

How Much Wilderness is Enough? — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Threats To Wilderness — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Direct Benefits of Wilderness to Humans — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Use-Patterns of Wilderness and Roadless Areas — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

General Benefits of Old-Growth — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Florida Dry Prairie: Ecosystem Description — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

The Importance of Old-Growth to Biodiversity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Importance of Old Growth to Carnivores — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Managing Old Growth in National Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

How Much Old Growth is Enough? — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

What is Old Growth? — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-19 01:18 PM

 

Extent and Location of Old-Growth — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-19 01:22 PM

 

Maintaining and Restoring Old Growth — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-19 01:25 PM

 

Landscape Scale Approach to Old Growth Restoration — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Active Management for Old Growth Restoration — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-21 01:44 PM

 

Passive Management for Old Growth Restoration — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-21 01:45 PM

 

Historic Fire Regimes of Florida Dry Prairies — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Era of Fire Suppression — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-21 01:48 PM

 

Problems Defining Old Growth — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-21 01:49 PM

 

Conceptional Definitions of Old Growth — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Mixed Mesophytic — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-21 02:12 PM

 

Operational Definitions of Old Growth — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-21 02:16 PM

 

Dry and Dry-Mesic Oak-Pine Forest — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-21 02:18 PM

 

Anthropogenic Fires Regimes Before European Settlement — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Definitions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

A variety of terms have been used to describe the multitude of products that come from forests that are plant, but not timber, based.

Product Categories & Product Summaries — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-21 02:21 PM

 

Historical Perspective — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Fire Effects in Dry Prairies — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Market Overview — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

National and Regional Policies — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-21 02:27 PM

 

Issues that Affect Sustainability — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-21 02:29 PM

 

Additional NTFP References — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Social Concerns — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Economic Issues — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Ecological Factors — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Service-Wide Issuances — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-21 02:33 PM

 

Recent Policy Developments — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

National Legislation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-21 02:35 PM

 

Fire Effects on Fauna in Dry Prairies — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Forest Service Policies and Procedures — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Field Issuances from the Southern Region — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Market Economics of Ginseng — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-21 02:45 PM

 

Edible and Culinary Products — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Wood-Based Specialty Products — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Floral and Decorative — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Medicinal Plants and Dietary Supplements — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Forest Species Frequently Collected and Marketed for Medicinal Values — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Forest Species Occasionally Collected for Medicinal Values — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Forest Species Infrequently Collected for Medicinal Values — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire in Dry Prairies — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Mayapple — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Yarrow — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Virginia Snakeroot — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Maidenhair Fern — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-21 02:54 PM

 

Wild Yam — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

False Unicorn — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Joe Pye Weed — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Bethroot — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Stoneroot — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Boneset — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Tuesday Afternoon - Concurrent B — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

Mechanical Treatments that can be Used in Combination with Prescribed Burning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Wild Crane's Bill — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Witch Hazel — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Encyclopedia Collection — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:53 AM

 

Welcome to the Encyclopedia of Southern Appalachian Forest Ecosystems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:53 AM

This hypertext encyclopedia contains a wealth of information on the ecology and management of southern Appalachian forest Ecosystems.

Utilizing Remotely Sensed Data and Analytical Techniques in Post-Katrina Mississippi to Develop Storm Damage and Risk Assessment Models — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-04-06 04:57 PM

 

Hardwood Borers — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Red Oak Borer — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Emerald Ash Borer — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Pine Bark Beetles — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Hemlock Woolly Adelgid — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Balsam Woolly Adelgid — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Pine Weevils — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Nantucket Pine Tip Moth — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Baldcypress Leafroller — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Texas Leaf Cutting Ant — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

A National System for Rapid Detection and Assessment of Severe Disturbances in Forestlands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Pine Sawflies — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Black Turpentine Beetle — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Small Southern Pine Engraver — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Southern Pine Engraver — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Six-Spined Engraver — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Southern Pine Beetle — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Identification and Biology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

History — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Epidemiology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Survey and Detection — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Assessing Risks to Multiple Resources Affected by Wildfire and Fuels Treatment using an Integrated Probabilistic Framework — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

New Approaches — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Control Priorities — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Wood Products & Utilization — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Recreation & Non-Timber Uses — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Land Ownership Characteristics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Public Values, Beliefs, and Attitudes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Timber Demand and Supply — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

A key indicator of a sustainable wood supply in the South is the increase of total timber volume despite a simultaneous increase in the harvest levels.

Local Communities — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Policy, Regulations, & Laws — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Inventory Trends in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Over the last 50 years, the South has experienced an overall 3% timber harvest rate which ensures that growth exceeds removals thus resulting in long-term sustainability of timber supply and associated forest resources.

The Forest Threat Encyclopedia Project — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Timberland Area Trends in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Industrial Roundwood Output — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Historical Tree Planting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Wood Product Mills in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

National Annual Lumber & Wood Pulp Production — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Value of Timber Harvesting in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Forest land area and harvest value by state showing that privately owned Southern forests contribute significantly to the U.S. economy.

Timber Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Forests cover approximately 215 million acres in the South, which represents 29 percent of the forest land in the United States

Recreation Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Wildlife Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Managing for Other Goals — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Illustrating Approaches to Uncertainty Estimation for Map-Based Estimation Problems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Forest Operations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Management Tools — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Fire Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Fire is an important process in many Southern forests that land owners can manage to improve forest benefits and health.

Fire Types and Regimes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Fire regimes describe the broad patterns of fire behavior in different ecosystems.

Prescribed Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Prescribed burning achieves several objectives including reducing the risk of wildfire.

Smoke Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Managing the impacts of smoke is an important part of prescribed burning.

Components of Smoke — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Pollutants in smoke include particulates, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons.

Mitigating Smoke Effects — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Methods and Theory of Prescribed Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Meeting the objectives of a prescribed fire requires an understanding of fuel and moisture conditions and controlling smoke.

Effects of Prescribed Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Assessing Environmental Stress in Forests Using Cellular Markers — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Use of Prescribed Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Prescribed fires can be used to address a number of objectives.

Fire for Regeneration — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Prescribed fire before or after harvesting can play a useful role in improving regeneration, but is more commonly accepted in conifers than hardwoods.

Hazard Reduction Burning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Prescribed fire is an economical way to reduce dangerous fuel accumulations.

Management of Competing Vegetation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Prescribed burning is used in pine stands to control competing hardwoods and may help control laurel and rhododendron in mountain hardwoods.

Manipulation of Wildlife Habitat — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Prescribed fire improves habitats of certain wildlife species, but it also degrades habitats for other species.

Protection of Species and Communities — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Some threatened and endangered species require fire to become established and survive but season and interval are important.

Soil Effects of Prescribed Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Effects of prescribed fire on soil can range from positive to severely damaging.

Vegetation Effects of Prescribed Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Plants in fire-prone ecosystems have adapted to fire in various ways.

Water Quality Effects of Prescribed Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Most studies in the South indicate that effects of prescribed fire on water quality are minor and of short duration.

Types of Fires — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Surface fires burn along the surface, ground fires consume the litter and humus, while crown fires move through the crowns of trees.

Air Pollution Increases Forest Susceptibility to Wildfires in Southern California — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Understory, Mixed and Stand Replacing Fire Regimes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Fire regimes can be understory, mixed or stand replacing depending on the mortality of the dominant vegetation.

Coastal Plain Fire Regimes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Coastal Plain forests in the South are predominantly pine in the uplands and hardwoods in the floodplains of major and minor rivers.

Piedmont Fire Regimes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Pine and hardwood species from the coastal plain and mountains overlap in the Piedmont, often occurring together in mixed pine-hardwood stands.

Mountains and Interior Highlands Fire Regimes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Fire played a major role in shaping vegetation communities in the Appalachian Mountains.

Oak-Hickory Fire Regime — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

The oak-hickory fire regime is characterized by infrequent low-intensity surface fires during the spring and fall.

Mixed Mesophytic Hardwood Fire Regime — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Mixed mesophytic forests develop in the absence of fire.

Table Mountain Pine Fire Regime — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

The historic fire regime for Table Mountain pine stands is probably best described as mixed.

Pitch and Virginia Pine Fire Regime — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Mixed severity fires were probably prevalent over much of the range of pitch and Virginia pines.

Forest Types With Long Fire-Return Intervals — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Mangroves, high elevation spruce-fir, and northern hardwoods rarely see fires.

Shortleaf Pine Fire Regime — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Shortleaf pine has an understory fire regime.

Developing National-Scale Surveys for Exotic Pests and Defining Their Reliability — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Longleaf Pine Fire Regime — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Longleaf pine has numerous traits adapted to recurrent understory fires.

Slash Pine Fire Regime — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Slash pine seedlings are susceptible to fire, thus confining it historically to wet sites.

Loblolly Pine Fire Regime — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Loblolly pine dominance has increased dramatically with increased fire suppression.

Pond Pine Fire Regime — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

The ability to resprout from its stem allows pond pine to dominate wet areas such as pocosins, which support intense fires.

Sand Pine Fire Regime — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Sand pine has a stand replacement fire regime, but its two varieties require very different fire management.

Bay Forest Fire Regime — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Bay forests are characterized by a stand replacement fire regime.

Atlantic White-Cedar Fire Regime — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Atlantic white-cedar was probably historically perpetuated by major disturbances such as stand-replacing fires.

Bottomland Hardwood Fire Regime — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Low-intensity fires are the norm in bottomland hardwoods because fuel loads are generally light.

Other Community Fire Regimes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Fires may encroach on these depressional wetlands during dry periods.

Environmental Impacts — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Forest operations alter the environment. Some of these effects are intended; others are undesirable consequences. Most impacts are associated with driving equipment and moving material in the forest. Soil, water, and residual vegetation can be affected.

The Application of Hyperspectral and other Remote Sensing Technologies for the Monitoring and Assessment of Invasive Species — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Natural Pine Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Introduction to Southern Hardwood Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Southern hardwood forests stretch from the Virginias to Florida and from the mid-Atlantic to Missouri. They can generally be grouped into upland forests and bottomland forests.

Silviculture and Management of Southern Pine Plantations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

By the end of the 20th century, there were 32 million acres of southern pine plantations in the Southern United States, and this region is now the woodbasket of the world.

Hardwood Plantation Forest Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Plantation silviculture of bottomland species like cottonwood, sweetgum, and American sycamore has been successful, but plantations of upland hardwoods have had limited success.

Bottomland Hardwood Forest Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Upland Hardwood Forest Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Introduction to the Pine and Mixed-Pine Hardwood Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Natural Mixed Pine-Hardwood Forest Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Intermediate Silvicultural Operations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Regeneration Methods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

The most appropriate regeneration methods for hardwoods are clearcutting, the shelterwood method, and related two-age systems.

Challenges in Bringing Risk Assessment into Forest and Rangeland Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Clearcutting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Shelterwood — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Two-aged — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Selection — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Crown Thinning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

The crown-thinning method is defined as thinning that involves the removal of trees in the upper strata of the canopy to favor desirable trees in the same canopy range

Improvement Cutting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

Improvement cutting is defined as cuttings done in stands past the sapling stage for the purpose of improving composition and quality by removing trees of undesirable species, form, or condition from the main canopy.

Crop-tree Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

History of Southern Pine Plantations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

The Regeneration System — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Established Stand Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Call for Papers — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-03-03 11:16 AM

Submit abstracts proposing scientific syntheses, experience-based knowledge, or case studies for inclusion as presentations and written papers, or other topics for posters.

Managing Wildland Fire Risk in Florida — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Status of Intensive Plantation Forestry — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Economics of Plantation Forestry — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Trends in Use of Silvicultural Practices — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Intensive Management to Realize Growth Potential — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

In the early 1990's, research results demonstrated that the growth potential of southern pines in the United States was simply not being achieved in most operational plantations, and that growth rates rivaling those in the Southern Hemisphere could be ach

Integrated, Site-specific Silviculture — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

The Promise of Biotechnology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Ecological Sustainability of Intensively Managed Plantations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

The intensity of site preparation conducted in both the Piedmont and the Coastal Plain to simulate old-field conditions generated concern about long-term site productivity in the 1970's and 1980's.

Controlling Competing Vegetation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Accelerating Growth by Fertilization — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Forest Site Classification — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Risk-Based Assessment of Landscape Patterns at National Scale — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

Abstract of the talk "Risk-Based Assessment of Landscape Patterns at National Scale"

Growth and Yield Prediction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Tree Improvement and Genetic Gains — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Mechanical Site Preparation Practices — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Available for use — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Pine Regeneration — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Established Stand Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

The Ecological Basis for Naturally Regenerated Pine Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Clearcutting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Seed Tree — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Shelterwood — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:00 AM

 

Understanding and Predicting Range Expansion by Alien Forest Pests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

Abstract of the paper "Understanding and Predicting Range Expansion by Alien Forest Pests"

Selection — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Soils — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Topography — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Xeric Pine–Hardwoods — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Landscape — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

The Cumberland Plateau supports physical, biological, and cultural landscapes that are some of the richest and most diverse in the United States.

Resource Management — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

This section of the encyclopedia reviews the management of natural resources on the Cumberland Plateau. These resources include timber, wildlife, aquatic life, and recreation opportunities.

Objectives — by atomcho — last modified 2009-02-05 02:50 PM

We find four main limitations of these existing frameworks.

Timber — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Natural Disturbance and Regeneration — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Recent Land Use — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Overview of Conceptual Frameworks — by atomcho — last modified 2009-02-05 02:49 PM

A number of general wilderness frameworks have been established to provide a conceptual basis to understand protected areas.

Wildlife Management Agencies on the Cumberland Plateau — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Stand Replacement-scale Disturbances — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Longleaf Pine's Adaptations to Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Silvicultural Systems in the Management of Loblolly Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Wild Hydrangea — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Goldenseal Links — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Ginseng — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-21 03:04 PM

 

Pokeweed — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Wild Black Cherry — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Bloodroot — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Sassafras — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Ground Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Using Dry Prairies and Flatwoods for Rangeland and Livestock Grazing — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Galax — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-12-02 10:44 AM

 

Willow — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Ramps — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

Ramps are a perennial herb related to onions, chives, and garlic.

Water Supply, Usage, and Flow Regulation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

The southern Appalachian region enjoys abundant rainfall and a vast network of streams and rivers.

Water Quality — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-06 04:49 PM

 

Conservation of Aquatic Biodiversity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-06 04:13 PM

Introduction to discussion of aquatic biodiversity.

Riparian Zone Management for Protection of Aquatic Resources — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-06 04:16 PM

 

Aquatic-Based Recreation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-06 04:17 PM

 

Recreation on Rivers and Streams of the Southern Appalachians — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-06 04:18 PM

 

Recreation on Reservoirs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-06 04:19 PM

 

Distribution, Environment, and Associated Species — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Compatibility Among Recreational Uses on Reservoirs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-06 04:21 PM

 

Reservoir Recreation Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Boating and Watersports — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Constraints on Reservoir Recreation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Management of Reservoir Fisheries — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-06 04:35 PM

 

The Fisheries Management Process — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Common Practices in Reservoir Fisheries Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 12:21 PM

 

Fishing Regulations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Nontrout Sport Fishes in Reservoirs and Rivers — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Reservoirs with Trout Fisheries — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Historical Vegetation, Land Use, and Fire Regimes of Loblolly Pine Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Physical and Ecological Constraints on Reservoir Recreation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 12:28 PM

 

River and Whitewater Paddling — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Fishing on Rivers and Streams — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 12:30 PM

 

Fish-Stocking Programs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Coolwater and Warmwater Fisheries — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Stream Habitat Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Coldwater Fisheries — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Trout in the Southern Appalachians — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 12:36 PM

 

Trout Distribution — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 12:38 PM

 

Stream Habitat Improvement — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Fire Ecology of Loblolly Pine Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Riprap — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 12:40 PM

 

Revetments — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 12:41 PM

 

Location of Streambank Stabilization Structures — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 12:42 PM

 

Best Management Practices — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 12:44 PM

 

Habitat Alteration and Loss — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Introduced Species in Aquatic Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Imperiled Aquatic Species — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Southern Appalachian Imperiled Fishes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Southern Appalachian Imperiled Molluscs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Imperiled Reptiles and Amphibians of the Southern Appalachians — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Fire Effects on Forest Health in Loblolly Pine Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Southern Appalachian Imperiled Aquatic Invertebrates — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Chemical Characteristics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 01:34 PM

 

Acid Deposition and Buffering Capacity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 12:55 PM

 

Nitrogen Saturation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Point Sources of Pollution — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 01:20 PM

 

Cumulative Impacts — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Non-Point Sources of Pollution — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 02:27 PM

 

Effects of Impoundment on River Water Quality — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Water Quality in Reservoirs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Excess Nutrients in Surface Waters — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Fire Effects on Water and Soils In Loblolly Pine Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Temperature Elevation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Sediment in Streams — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Contaminants in Surface Water — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Fish Consumption Advisories — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 02:44 PM

 

Potential Agricultural Erosion — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 02:45 PM

 

Sediment Particle Size — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Human Demands on Water Supply — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 03:34 PM

 

Causes and Consequences of Flow Modification — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Diversions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Land-Use Effects on Hydrology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 03:36 PM

 

Prescribed Fire in Loblolly Pine Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Dams — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 03:39 PM

 

Dam Types and Purposes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Effects of Deforestation on Streamflow — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Hydrological Effects of Impervious Surface — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Effects of Agriculture on Hydrology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Mining Effects on Hydrology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Why are Wildlife and Wildlife Management Valued? — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

Wildlife management approaches may differ depending on the particular values of a landowner or user.

Wildlife Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 03:03 PM

Wildlife managers manage a large complex natural resource system, one complete with biology, economics, energetics, esthetics, ecology, and enforcement.

Imperiled Species — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

Imperiled species are those that are of some risk of loss through extirpation or extinction because they are found in few places or have few individuals.

The Land Manager's Guide to the Birds of the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Distribution and Composition of Canebrakes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

The Land Manager's Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 03:06 PM

 

The Land Manager's Guide to the Mammals of the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 03:09 PM

 

Amphibians (Class Amphibia) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 03:11 PM

 

Reptiles (Class Reptilia) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 03:13 PM

 

Lizards (Order Squatmata; Suborder Lacertilia) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 03:16 PM

 

Snakes (Order Squamata; Suborder Serpentes) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 03:18 PM

 

Turtles (Order Testudines) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Snapping Turtles (Chelydridae) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 03:21 PM

 

Water and Box Turtles (Emydidae) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 03:23 PM

 

Mud and Musk Turtles (Kinosternonidae) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 04:17 PM

 

Fire Effects on Canebrakes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Tortoises (Testudinidae) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Softshell Turtles (Trionychidae) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Sea Turtles (Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Spiny Softshell — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Common Snapping Turtle — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Nonvenomous Snakes (Colubridae) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 04:19 PM

 

Coral Snakes (Elapidae) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Pit Vipers (Viperidae; Subfamily Crotalinae) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 04:21 PM

 

Copperhead — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Timber Rattlesnake — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Welcome to the Encyclopedia of Southern Bioenergy — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:53 AM

The forest ecosystems of the South serve many purposes including the production of bioenergy.

Tuesday Morning Plenary — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

presentations schedule

Prescribed Fire and Canebrakes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Pigmy Rattlesnake — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Worm Snake — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Scarlet Snake — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Racer — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Ringneck Snake — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Corn Snake — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Rat Snake — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Eastern Hognose Snake — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:03 AM

 

Prairie Kingsnake — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Scarlet Kingsnake — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Ecological Importance of Giant Cane — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Common Kingsnake — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Milk Snake — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Coachwhip — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Northern Water Snake — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Rough Green Snake — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Smooth Green Snake — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Pine Snake — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Queen Snake — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Brown Snake — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Redbelly Snake — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Influence of Canebrakes on Water Quality — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Southeastern Crowned Snake — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Eastern Ribbon Snake — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Common Garter Snake — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Smooth Earth Snake — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Anoles, Fence, Collared, and Horned Lizards (Iguanidae) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 03:47 PM

 

Whiptails (Teiidae) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 03:48 PM

 

Skinks (Scincidae) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 03:48 PM

 

Glass Lizards (Anguidae) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 03:49 PM

 

Slender Glass Lizard — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Coal Skink — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Hardwood Hammocks: Ecosystem Description — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Five-lined Skink — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Southeastern Five-lined Skink — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Broadhead Skink — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Ground Skink — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Six-lined Racerunner — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Green Anole — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Fence Lizard — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Salamanders (Order Caudata) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Frogs and Toads -- Anurans (Order Anura) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

True Toads (Bufonidae) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 03:51 PM

 

Oak-Hickory Forests: Extent and Description — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Treefrogs, Chorus Frogs, and Cricket Frogs (Hylidae) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 03:52 PM

 

Narrowmouth Toads (Microhylidae) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 03:52 PM

 

Spadefoot Toads (Pelobatidae) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 03:53 PM

 

True Frogs (Ranidae) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 03:53 PM

 

Bullfrog — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Green Frog — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Network Model — by atomcho — last modified 2008-12-07 12:52 AM

The network model examines spatial relationships among roads, river networks, and public land in interior and south-central Alaska.

Wildlife — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

European Migration and Settlement — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Biotic disturbance agents — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Fish — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Planting Pine — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Intermediate Management — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Maturity and Harvest — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Gypsy Moth Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Gypsy Moth History — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Prescribed Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Gypsy Moth Identification — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Gypsy Moth Biology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Gypsy Moth Hosts and Impacts — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Invasive Species Control — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Control of invasive species is vital to slowing their spread and reducing the negative impacts results from infestations. Several different strategies exist for controlling invasive species, each with different costs and effectiveness.

Nonnative Invasive Insects and Pathogens — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Several exotic insects and pathogens have become established in the southern Appalachians. They threaten the health and stability of the ecosystems.

Nonnative Invasive Plants — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Exotic plant species have been introduced into the southern Appalachians since the beginning of European settlement of the region. Some have escaped and spread, displacing native vegetation, causing ecological disturbance and, in some cases, causing econ

Japanese Honeysuckle - Lonicera japonica Thunb. — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

A woody vine introduced for erosion control, wildlife cover, and as an ornamental. It forms ground-covering mats and dense infestations of tree-climbing vines in forest margins, rights of way, and other open spaces. Its persistent green leaves photosynthe

Kudzu - Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

A fast-growing Asian vine that covers some 7 million acres of land (an area larger than Vermont) in the southeastern United States. Prior to 1953 the plant was widely grown as livestock forage and as a means of controlling erosion.

Oriental bittersweet - Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

A vine that has infested many of the cooler parts of the Southeast, primarily forestland in the Appalachian Mountains. It is a serious threat to native plant communities due to its high reproductive rate and rapid growth.

Purple loosestrife - Lythrum salicaria L. — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

A flowering plant introduced during the 1800's. It is found in all of the 48 contintiguous states. It chokes wetlands, replacing native shoreline vegetation.

Monday Registration and Social — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

This informal event allows participants to socialize prior to the formal presentations beginning the next morning.

Fuels, Weather, and Fire Behavior — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Lespedeza - Lespedeza spp. — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Several species of these shrubs have become significant pests in forests and forest openings. Their dense leafy growth shades out all competitors. They are still being planted in some areas either as wildlife food or as soil rehabilitating (nitrogen fixin

Japanese Stiltgrass - Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

This grass is pervasive in disturbed lowlands. It can rapidly replace native ground cover in moist, fertile areas. At present, there is no efficient means of controlling Japanese stiltgrass over a large area, and the plant will continue to gain ground unt

Privet - Ligustrum spp. — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Several species of privet arenative to Europe, Asia, and North Africa, but has been planted widely in this region as a hedge. Once it is established, privet can form dense thickets which displace native plants.

Mimosa - Albizia julibrissin Durazz. — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

This medium-sized tree is a continual problem along some roadsides and streams in the southern Appalachians. It seeds prolifically and resprouts quickly when cut.

Garlic mustard - Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

This ground layer plant can tolerate shade, making it especially threatening to the Appalachian's densely forested environments. When introduced to disturbed areas or streamsides it can completely dominate the ground layer within 10 years.

Asian Longhorned Beetle — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Emerald Ash Borer — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Sudden Oak Death — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Beech Bark Disease — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Butternut Canker — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Wildfire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Chestnut Blight — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Dogwood Anthracnose — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Dogwood anthracnose is a relatively new disease to the southern Appalachians. In the past decade it has killed millions of dogwoods (Cornus florida L.), particularly at high elevations in the Blue Ridge Province.

Dutch Elm Disease — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Oak Decline — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Dutch Elm Disease Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Dutch Elm Disease History — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Dutch Elm Disease Biology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Managing Dogwood Anthracnose — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

More options exist for managing ornamental dogwoods in landscaped areas than natural populations of dogwood in forest sites.

Research Gaps in the Study of Dogwood Anthracnose — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

There are still many gaps in our knowledge of this relatively new disease.

Symptoms of Dogwood Anthracnose — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Dogwood anthracnose affects leaves, bracts, current-year shoots, localized areas of bark and cambium of trunk or branches, fruits, and seeds of C. florida.

Fire Ecology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

The History of Dogwood Anthracnose and its Spread in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Dogwood anthracnose is a relatively new disease to North America. It was first observed in 1976. Although the origin of dogwood anthracnose is unknown, the results of DNA analysis combined with its rapid spread have led many to conclude it was introduce

The Pathogen and Environmental Effects on its Development — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Several environmental factors, such as light exposure, water relations, acid rain, and topographic factors have all been correlated with the incidence and severity of dogwood anthracnose.

Chestnut Blight History — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Chestnut Blight Biology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Chestnut Restoration — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Other Exotic Pests of Chestnut — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Chestnut Blight Resistance — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Butternut Canker History — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Butternut Canker Biology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Butternut Canker Management & Research — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Fire Ecology and Management in the Everglades — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Beech Bark Disease History — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Beech Bark Disease Biology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Beech Bark Disease Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Particulate Matter — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Particulate matter is a leading pollutant responsible for declines in visibility throughout the United States. Particulate matter in the atmosphere includes wind-blown soil, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets.

Nitrogen Oxides — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Nitrogen oxide can affect visibility, acid deposition, and ground-level ozone. The primary form of nitrogen oxide emissions is nitric oxide. This gas is rapidly converted in the atmosphere, in the presence of volatile organic compounds and sunlight, to ni

Sulfur Dioxide — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Sulfur dioxide is a gas released into the atmosphere during the combustion of fossil fuels that contain sulfur. In the atmosphere, sulfur dioxide is transformed into secondary pollutants called sulfates. Sulfates are the main contributors to visibility re

Volatile Organic Compounds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Volatile organic compounds represent a wide range of organic chemicals which are emitted into the atmosphere. Combined with nitrogen dioxide, these chemicals contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone.

Toxic Air Pollutants — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Some compounds produced by human activities, such as chemical-manufacturing and paint-spraying operations, are classified as toxic air pollutants. Toxic compounds are important because they can have severe human health impacts, or impact natural resources

Visibility — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

For visitors and residents, spectacular views are major attractions in the southern Appalachians. However, visibility has deteriorated considerably since the 1940s—with the poorest visibility in the summer, the major tourist season.

Ozone — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Ozone is potentially the most significant pollutant affecting forests in North America. Ozone is highly damaging to tissues inside of plant leaves, which it enters through small pores called stomates. Once inside the leaf the ozone is either destroyed by

Fire Ecology and Management of Cypress Ponds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Air Quality Research Needs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

The Southern Appalachian Assessment identified the several research and monitoring needs for air quality.

Acid Deposition — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

High-elevation forests in the southern Appalachians have some of the highest levels of acid deposition in the United States. When raindrops fall through air that contains gaseous oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, these gases can dissolve in the droplets an

Acid Deposition Effects on Aquatic Resources — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Effects of Acid Deposition on Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

In contrast to the damage acid rain causes to streams and lakes, it has proven to be much more difficult to demonstrate negative effects on forests. One factor that complicates the situation is that most forests are highly chemically buffered by the pres

Nitrogen Saturation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Nitrogen saturation occurs when supplies of ammonium and nitrate are in excess of the total combined plant and microbial demand. The term refers to an ecosystem where the biota are unable to utilize all of the N that is added to the system, either through

Biogeochemical Cycling — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Aquatic Ecology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Species Ecology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Disturbance and Succession — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Vital Attributes of Species — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Fire Management and Melaleuca Swamps — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Modes of Regeneration — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Initial Floristics Composition — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

A Theory of Oak Regeneration Dynamics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Regeneration from Seed — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Vegetative Reproduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Advance Regeneration — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Regeneration Guilds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Pioneer Species — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Advance-Growth-Dependent Species of Moderate Shade Tolerance — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Fire Ecology and Management of Freshwater Marshes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Advance Regenerating Highly Shade Tolerant — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Pioneer Guilds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Opportunistic Guilds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Persistent Guilds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Types of Natural Fires: Surface Fires, Ground Fires, and Crown Fires — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Historical and Present-Day Fire Regimes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Frequency of Lightning-caused fires — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Anthropogenic Fire Regimes Before European Settlement — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Fire Regimes Following European settlement — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Re-Introduction of Prescribed Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Fire Ecology and Management of Pocosins — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Present-Day Wildfires — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Era of Fire Suppression — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

The Effects of Fire Suppression on Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Fish — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Amphibians — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Reptiles — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Birds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Mammals — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Aquatic Molluscs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Aquatic Invertebrates — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Fire Ecology and Management of Pond Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Terrestrial Invertebrates — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Drainages — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Ecology of Running Water — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Ecology of Reservoirs and Lakes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Mountain Lake, Virginia — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

River and Lake Characteristics of Reservoirs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Biological Communities of Lakes and Reservoirs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Lake and Reservoir Food Webs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Physical and Chemical Environment of Streams — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Biological Communities of Rivers and Streams — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Fire Ecology and Management of Shrub Bogs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Stream Ecosystem Processes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Stream Food Webs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Organic Matter Processing — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Nutrient Spiraling — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Microbial Loop — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

River Continuum Concept — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Large Woody Debris — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Role of Woody Debris — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Role of Large Wood in Forming Fish Habitat: The Wine Spring Creek Case — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Sources of Energy for Streams — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Thursday Afternoon - Concurrent A — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

Fire Regimes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Stream Plant Communities — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Animal Communities — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Invertebrate Communities — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Salamanders in Stream Habitats — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Southern Appalachian Fish Communities — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Endemic Species — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Climate Change and Fish — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Functional Feeding Groups — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Vascular Plants and Bryophytes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Algae — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Fire Ecology and Management of Florida Scrub — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Geophysical Characteristics of Rivers and Streams — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Stream Habitat — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Flow in Streams — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Sediment Transport and Substrate — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Temperature and Precipitation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Habitat Units — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

USGS Hydrologic Units — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Stream Order — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

The Hydrologic Cycle — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

The Biological Landscape — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

The Southern Appalachian Mountains are one of the most biologically diverse locations in the world outside of the tropics. By some estimates, there are more than 100 tree species, 500 vertebrate species, and 2,000 higher plant species native to the Blue R

Fire Ecology and Management of Longleaf Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

The Cultural Landscape — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

In the southern Appalachians, ecological and cultural history have been closely intertwined. Often celebrated for its unique natural history, the region is also home to an equally unique cultural history. For more than 800 years humans have lived in perm

The Physical Landscape — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Appalachian Plateau Province — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

The Appalachian Plateau Province extends from Alabama to beyond the glacial border in Ohio and Pennsylvania, northwest of the Ridge and Valley Province.

Blue Ridge Province — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

The Blue Ridge province is divided into two subprovinces, the Northern Blue Ridge and the Southern Blue Ridge province. The Northern Blue Ridge lies north of the Roanoke River. The Southern Blue Ridge Province extends from the Roanoke River southwestward

Climate — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

The climate of the Southern Appalachians is produced largely by continental arctic air masses from the north during the winter and maritime tropical air masses from the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean during the summer.

Geology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

The Appalachian mountains are the oldest on the continent. Many of their geologic structures were formed more than 200 million years ago as the African continent collided with the North American continent.

Hydrology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

The hydrology of the Southern Appalachians is largely the story of the numerous rivers within the region.

Piedmont Province — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

The Piedmont province is a dissected plateau, named for its position at the base of the Blue Ridge Mountains.

Regolith and Soil — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

The most common soil type of the southern Appalachians are what scientists call inceptisols, an acidic, shallow soil group developed primarily on shale and sandstone beds. However, ultisols dominate the Piedmont Province.

Ridge and Valley Province — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

The Ridge and Valley province extends from north-central Alabama to beyond the late-Wisconsinan glacial border in Pennsylvania. The southeastern border of the province is a broad, linear lowland called the Great Valley, but most of the province consists o

Fire Ecology and Management of Table Mountain Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Topography and Physiography — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

The Appalachian Highland is one of eight major physiographic divisions of the United States.

Topography of the Ridge and Valley Province — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Traditionally the Ridge and Valley province is divided into three sections, of which the southern part of the middle section and the southern section are of concern here.

Soil of the Ridge and Valley Province — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

A strong difference exits between soils formed on carbonate-rich rocks in valleys and those developed on siliciclastic rocks on ridges.

Streams of the Ridge and Valley Province — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Several streams rise near the crest of the Blue Ridge and flow northwesterly across this province. Generally, however, when they reach the Ridge and Valley province they turn southwesterly and flow along strike valleys parallel to the general Appalachian

Regolith of the Ridge and Valley Province — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

The most common transported regolith associated with highlands in the Ridge and Valley Province is what will be termed "boulder colluvium".

Karst Landscapes of the Ridge and Valley — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

The Ridge and Valley, particularly the Great Valley, is one of the major karst regions of the United States. Many famous commercial caverns such as Luray, Shenandoah, and Endless occur in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia.

Mass Wasting and Periglacial Features — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

The colluvium on sandstone-capped ridges is coarse, like that in the Blue Ridge, and so debris slides/flows are more common than types of mass wasting associated with fine-grained debris.

Piedmont Regolith — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Most of the regolith in the Piedmont Province is saprolite, decomposed residual regolith. However, there are also substantial areas of colluvium, decomposed and transported regolith.

Soil of the Piedmont — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

The dominant soil order in the Piedmont is the Ultisol, comprised mainly of the great group Hapludults.

Streams of the Piedmont — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

In the foothill zone of the Piedmont of North Carolina and Virginia, northeast-flowing tributaries to the southeast-flowing master streams are long and subparallel, whereas opposing tributaries are short and irregular in direction.

Fire Ecology of Salt and Brackish Marshes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Piedmont Topography — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

The Piedmont Province contains 4 topographic sub-regions, called zones, of which the Piedmont Lowlands Zone is the largest.

Precambrian and Paleozoic Period — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Mesozoic Period — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Cenozoic Period — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

The Cenozoic Era extends from 65 million years ago until the present. At the beginning of the era, submergence by the sea was still pronounced, and early Cenozoic sediments occur almost as far inland as the late Cretaceous sediments.

The Birth of the Appalachian Mountains — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

In this section, we will start at the beginning of the history recorded in the rocks and look at the major stages in the development of the mountains and landscape.

Another Continental Break Up — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

The present-day margin of North America is the result of a reversal in crustal plate movement. After the continents collided, the continental mass began to pull apart.

Carving the Mountains — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

While the Atlantic Ocean was still in its infancy, the Appalachians were already being attacked by erosion. At the time they formed, the Appalachians were much higher than they are now, more like the present-day Rocky Mountains.

What Next — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

The Supercontinent Breaks Up — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

About 750 million years ago, the supercontinent began to thin and pull apart like warm taffy because of expansion of the continental crust. Then, about 540 million years ago, the continental crust split into pieces that drifted away from each other.

Continental Collision — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

How did rocks that formed on sea floors and islands become the mountains and valleys of today? About 470 million years ago, the motion of the crustal plates changed, and the continents began to move toward each other.

Fire Ecology and Management of Isolated Herbaceous Wetlands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Molten Rocks — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Solid Rock Flow — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Faults and Earthquakes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Earthquakes happen because of slippage along a fault. Although earthquakes are now rare in the Southern Appalachians, during the time of continental collision, earthquakes were a common occurrence.

Faults, Gold, and the Cherokee Removal — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Although the date that white settlers discovered gold in the Southern Appalachians is uncertain, there is no doubt that gold caused profound changes in the human history of the area. The frenzy caused by the discovery of gold hastened the removal of the C

The Framework for Travel and Biodiversity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

The collision of continents hundreds of millions of years ago also set the stage for the patterns of human settlement, travel, and transportation routes in the region.

Volcanoes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

At the time that sediments were being deposited and mineral deposits were forming in the Ocoee basin, volcanoes were erupting in areas that are now Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia.

An Inland Sea — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

The rocks of the Valley and Ridge province formed in a setting very different from that of the Ocoee basin. For millions of years, a vast, shallow, inland sea covered the area.

The Copper Basin — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

The rocks of the Ocoee basin contained some of the most important deposits of copper, zinc, iron, and sulfur in the eastern United States.

Cenozoic Uplifting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Ice Age Impacts — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Fire Ecology and Management of Xeric Oak-pine Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Mass Wasting in the Blue Ridge — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

The most common mass-wasting process in the Blue Ridge is probably downslope movement of colluvium and residuum induced by wind throw of trees.

Soil of the Blue Ridge — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

The dominant soil order in the Blue Ridge province is the Inceptisol. This order consists of relatively young soils that lack horizons of illuvial clay accumulation.

Regolith of the Blue Ridge — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Although thick saprolite does occur in the Blue Ridge, generally saprolite is not as prominent as it is in the Piedmont Province, both because it tends to be thinner than in the Piedmont and because surfaces in the Blue Ridge are commonly covered by collu

Southern Blue Ridge Topography — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

The Southern Blue Ridge province extends from the Roanoke River southwestward into north Georgia.

Streams of the Blue Ridge — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Because of the high relief, streams in the Blue Ridge tend to have steep slopes. The erosive power provided by such slopes, together with the presence of generally hard bedrock, have produced many gorges.

Soil of the Appalachian Plateau — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Soils are mainly Ultisols (Hapludults, Fragiudults, and Ochraquults) and Inceptisols (chiefly Dystrochrepts).

Mass Wasting in the Appalachian Plateau — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Compared to other Appalachian provinces, the Appalachian Plateau has the greatest abundance of conspicuous slope failures.

Streams in the Appalachian Plateau — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Although the drainage pattern of the Cumberland Plateau is grossly dendritic, various other types of patterns occur, and commonly either modify or markedly modify the general pattern.

Karst Topography in the Appalachian Plateau — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

The near-surface rocks in this province being mainly clastics, karst topography is not widely distributed. However, cave entrances along the escarpments, owing to the cropping out of carbonate units are common.

Regolith of the Appalachian Plateau — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Generally, residuum on top of the sandstone is quite thin, often only a fraction of a meter, and overlies hard rock.

Fire Ecology and Management of Oak-hickory Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Appalachian Plateau Topography — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

The topography of the Appalachian Plateau Province of interest for the Southern Appalachians can be subdivided into four sections: the Allegheny Mountains, the Allegheny Plateau, the Cumberland Mountains, and the Cumberland Plateau.

What is Environmental History? — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Defined in the vernacular, environmental history deals with the role and place of nature in human life.

Cherokee Mountains — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

The invasion by the Spanish in sixteenth-century Appalachia greatly influenced the social and cultural transformation of the Cherokee Indians, the Native Americans most often associated with the southern Appalachians.

First Peoples — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

The first peoples to inhabit the southern Appalachians in permanent settlements were the Mississippians. From 900 to 1200 A.D., Mississippian civilization developed into a network of state-like chiefdoms that reigned over the entire mountain region.

Frontier Landscapes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Although the southern Appalachians were not settled in a fortnight, European settlement of the region began as early as 1745. Long hunters cleared the first overland routes into the region, and the fur traders and settlers followed afterward.

Mining and Iron Manufacturing — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

First Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

By the mid-1880s, after railroad lines had fully penetrated the mountain interior, much of the southern Appalachians had become the domain of a dozen or so large timber companies, owned almost exclusively by northern or foreign investors.The timber boom t

Ginseng — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Ginseng, a valuable commodity on the global market since the mid-eighteenth century, grew abundantly in the rich deciduous forests of the southern Appalachians, especially on northern facing slopes above 1,500 feet.

Medicinal Plant Use in the Southern Appalachians — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Medicinal plants have been used in the southern Appalachians since prehistoric times, but historical accounts document the practice Native American medicinal plant to the early eighteenth century.

Copper Mining — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

One of the most environmentally devastating industries to exploit the natural resources of the southern Appalachians was the copper industry, which became centered in the great copper basin of north Georgia and southeast Tennessee.

Fire and Hardwood Hammocks — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Coal Mining — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Large timber reserves and rich iron ore deposits were vitally important to the early economic development of the southern Appalachians. A third natural resource "coal" played an equally important role in the industrial development of the region during the

Gold Mining — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

The nation's first major gold rush occurred in north Georgia when gold was discovered somewhere in present day Hall, Habersham, or White counties sometime between 1826 and 1828, depending on the account.

Iron Manufacturing — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

While agriculture certainly had an important effect on the southern Appalachian landscape prior to the Civil War, the industry that had the biggest environmental impact on the region was iron manufacturing.

Sheep — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Sheep were second only to hogs in actual numbers in the Southern Appalachians, outranking all other livestock (Davis 2000). The gradual decline of wolves and mountain lions, along with the clearing of additional woodlands for pasture and grasslands and th

River Cane — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Expansive stands of river cane were seen by early travelers in the mountain region, many who reported seeing canebrakes several hundred yards wide and several miles long.

Environmental Gradients — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

There are strong relationships between the location of natural communities and environmental gradients principally controlled by topography.

What are Biomes? — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Regions of similar vegetation are called biomes and their geographic boundaries are largely determined by climate. The seasonal patterns of precipitation and temperature pose practical problems for survival and reproduction for the plants that live there.

Spatial Arrangement — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Grassy and Heath Balds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Treeless shrub or grass-dominated ridges and peaks are collectively called "balds". There are two principal types: heath balds and grassy balds.

Cove Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Fire Ecology and Management of Canebrakes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Mixed Hardwoods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Mixed hardwood forests are widespread in mountain landscapes and occupy sites below 4000 ft elevation that are intermediate on gradients of fertility, moisture, and exposure to sun and wind.

Xeric Oak-Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Xeric oak-pine forests occupy dry, exposed ridges at moderate to low elevations (<4000 ft). They can also occur on the upper portions of exposed, south- and west-facing slopes.

Pine Heath — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Northern Hardwoods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Spruce-Fir Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Forests dominated by two conifer species, red spruce and Fraser fir, cap the tallest peaks of the southern Appalachians. Bordered by northern hardwood forest below, the spruce-fir forest begins at elevations above 4600-5500 ft (1400-1680 m).

Biodiversity of Cove Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Many sites that can support cove forests have been cleared due to their landscape position and productivity. However, changing economic conditions in the mid-1900s led to the abandonment of many family farms. Cove forests have regrown at former farm s

Heath Balds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Heath balds are dominated by broad-leafed, evergreen shrubs adapted to harsh, xeric conditions including Catawba rhododendron (Rhododendron catawbiensis) and rosebay rhododendron (R. maximum), Carolina rhododendron (R. carolinianum), mountain laurel (Kal

Grassy Balds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Grassy balds are dominated by grasses, such as mountain oat grass (Danthonia compressa), and sedges (Carex spp.) occasionally interrupted by small rock outcrops. The largest of these balds occur at elevations over 5000 ft along the North Carolina-Ten

Shelas Test Page — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Mikes Play Page — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Thursday Afternoon - Concurrent B — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

presentation schedule

Fire Ecology and Management of Loblolly Pine Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Recreation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Timber — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Practically all of the region's forests have been harvested at least once since the mid-1800s, and an industry based on sustained timber growth and production in second-growth forests thrives there today.

Terrestrial Wildlife — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

Land managers often manage forest land for terrestrial wildlife, the large, primarily undomesticated (wild) vertebrate animals, the fauna, that live on the land.

Aquatic Resource Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

The southern Appalachians have a bountiful supply of water that must be managed for multiple uses.

Nontimber Forest Products — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Intrinsic Ecosystem Values — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Management Tools — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Silviculture — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Site Quality Evaluation and Classification — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Mathematical Models — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Fire Ecology and Management of Florida Dry Prairie — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Decision Support Tools — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Knowledge Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

sub a — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

sub b — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

sub c — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

c sub — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

c sub b — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Introduction to Knowledge Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Decision Support: Summary and Conclusions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Ecosystem Management and the Southern Appalachian National Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Fire And Northern Hardwood Forests In The Southern Appalachians — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Knowledge Representation and Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

A Comparison of Existing Natural Resource Management DSSs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Assessing Watershed Conditions with EMDS — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Managing Bent Creek Experimental Forest Using NED — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Goal Definitions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Current Condition Analysis — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Alternative Design and Analysis - The Custodial Alternative — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Alternative Design and Analysis - Maximum Sustainable Sawtimber Production — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Alternative Design and Analysis - Equal Preference for All Five Goals — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Alternative Selection and Authorization to Implement — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:02 AM

 

Fire Ecology and Management of Grassy and Heath Balds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

How to Implement Group Selection Cutting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-12 03:30 PM

 

Initial Stand Inventory — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Determining Volume to Cut — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Placement of Openings — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Size of Openings — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Marking and Tallying the Cut — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Silvicultural Practices at Time of Cuttings — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Justification for Shelterwood Cutting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Steps in Applying the Shelterwood Method for Oak Regeneration — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Site Preparation with Shelterwood and Seed-Tree Methods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Community Description — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Problems with Shelterwood Cutting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Justification for Clearcutting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Historical Perspective of Clearcutting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Effects of Clearcutting on Regeneration — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

How to Clearcut for Oak Regeneration — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-12 03:42 PM

 

Using Fire to Regenerate Oak — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-12 03:45 PM

 

Uses of Herbicides in Oak Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Mechanical Site Preparation and Oak Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Predicting and Modeling Oak Regeneration — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Oak Reproduction Potential Adequate — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Wednesday Afternoon - Concurrent B — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

Historic Fire Regimes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Oak Reproduction Potential Marginal — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Oak Reproduction Potential Poor — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Knowledge Gaps in the Eco-Physiology of Oak Regeneration — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

The 8 most important knowledge gaps in the eco-physiology of oak regeneration.

Regeneration Strategies of Oaks — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-12 05:03 PM

The three forms of oak reproduction are seedlings, seedling sprouts, and stump sprouts. It is the number, size, and spatial distribution of all three forms of reproduction that express the total oak "regeneration potential" of a stand. These sections fur

Oak Reproduction Biology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-13 01:43 PM

The process of oak reproduction, including the factors affecting flower production, acorn production, and acorn dispersal and germination.

Juvenile Growth: Physiological Perspective — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-13 01:53 PM

Understanding the physiology of juvenile oak growth and development is crucial to developing sound management practices for successful oak regeneration.

Juvenile Growth — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-13 03:10 PM

Initial survival and first year growth, how light influences early oak growth, response of oak seedlings to release, and the response of sprouts to release.

Threats to Oak Forest Health — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-13 03:11 PM

Eight links to the various threats to oak forest health.

Acorn Predation by Insects — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-13 03:12 PM

Acorn-infesting insects are the most studied group of pests affecting oak regeneration. Includes key terms: weevils, filbertworm, non-stinging gall wasps, pathogenic fungi and bacteria, and treehoppers.

Acorn Predation by Wildlife — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

Mature acorns that escape destruction by insects face yet another hurdle. Nearly 200 species of forest wildlife consume acorns. However, an acorn that disappears from a seed trap should not necessarily be considered "destroyed."

Fire Effects on Vegetation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Nursery Root Diseases — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

Tree seedlings grown in large numbers in confined areas under the lush growing conditions typical of nurseries are subject to damage from a whole suite of pests not normally found in forested settings. Nursery root disease losses have been most effective

Oak Decline — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

Most references to oak regeneration problems are for high-quality sites, but oak decline has the potential to limit natural regeneration opportunities in mature oak stands growing on drier sites. Oak decline, whose effects on oaks range from partial crow

Gypsy Moth — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

Oaks are the preferred host of the gypsy moth, and thus the stands most susceptible to attack are those with a high proportion of oaks. Includes strategies for reducing timber losses

Damage to Seedlings by Animals — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Damage to Seedlings by Insects — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Climate Change Effects on Oaks — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Survival and First Year Growth — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

Initial survival and early growth of oak seedlings beneath a dense canopy are primarily dependent on stored food reserves in the acorns and not on current photosynthate production. Light intensity near the floor of hardwood stands is often at or below th

Growth Influenced by Light — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-13 03:07 PM

Many studies have shown photosynthesis is saturated and maximum growth of oak seedlings occurs at 30-50 percent of full sunlight. The ability to persist under dense shade appears to vary among oak species.

Response of Seedlings to Release — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

Numerous studies have shown that large numbers of advance oak regeneration will not necessarily assure acceptable oak regeneration even if released by complete clearcutting. Another, and likely more important, reason for oak regeneration failure is the s

Sprout/Coppice Response — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-13 03:09 PM

Sprouts are an extremely important source of regeneration for most oaks, especially on xeric sites. Includes key terms: stump sprouts, carbohydrate reserves, and vessel size.

Managing with Prescribed Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Leaf Development and Morphology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

Growth of northern red oak occurs in episodic flushes with cycles of shoot growth and apparent rest. The quercus morphological index (QMI) is used for carbon fixation and allocation studies of northern red oak in several ways

Carbon Fixation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-13 03:15 PM

Carbon fixation and allocation patterns in northern red oak are episodic and closely related to leaf and plant developmental stage. Key terms: carbon exchange rate, insect defoliation, and dark respiration.

Carbon Distribution — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-13 04:08 PM

Distribution of current photosynthate from first-flush leaves of northern red oak seedlings grown in controlled environments is directly related to plant developmental stage, or QMI.

Carbon Partitioning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-13 04:12 PM

Carbon partitioning among chemical fractions in leaves of northern red oak seedlings changes over time and with stage of plant development.

Stem and Leaf Growth — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-13 03:37 PM

The factors influencing episodic growth in oaks, including key terms: episodic flushing growth habit, endogenous mechanisms, paradormancy, resting bud, and endogenous control mechanisms. The growth potential of northern red oak, including key terms: fie

Shoot-Root Interaction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-13 03:38 PM

There is no question that relative shoot and root growth is closely controlled by metabolic interactions between the shoot and roots. In trees with episodic shoot growth, both constant and episodic root growth has been found. It is difficult to understa

Shoot Dieback — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

Dieback and resprouting are important processes in the life of oak reproduction in the drier ecosystems because they facilitate the development of large root-shoot ratios and root mass, which in turn effect rapid shoot growth after the overstory is harves

Defining Determinate, Semi-Determinate, and Indeterminate Growth Habits — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-13 03:42 PM

Different tree species have different seasonal patterns of shoot growth. Such patterns have long attracted research interest, and this research has been extensively reviewed. These classifications are not clear-cut and involve considerable overlap. In al

Acorn Germination — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

Ideal conditions for acorn germination, likelihood for germination, statistics on numbers of seedlings produced.

Oak Pistillate Flower Development — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

The oak pistillate flower begins its journey to becoming an acorn when the meristematic tissues of the bud receive a signal. Including key terms such as: axillary primordia, ovule, micropyle, and embryo sac formation.

Effect of Fire Suppression — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Oak Staminate Flower Development — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-14 03:28 PM

Detailled information on oak staminate flower developement, including key words such as: pollen grains, dehiscence, and pollen shedding.

Oak Pollination and Fertilization — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-14 03:30 PM

Definition of 'pollen tube growth,' factors that effect it such as temperature, fertilization of its egg and growth of 'endosperm.'

Embryogenesis — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-14 03:32 PM

Process of embrogenesis, including ovary maturation, fertilization, growth of endosperm, ect.

Factors Affecting Oak Flowering — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

Initiation, differentation, and emergence, receptivity, shedding.

Genetically Determined Inherent Capacity for Acorn Production — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

Genetic control over seed production in oaks has been demonstrated by a number of investigators; some trees never produce acorns, even when environmental conditions are apparently favorable

Effects of Weather on Acorn Production — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

Various weather factors can adversely affect acorn production.

Effects of Tree Age/Size on Acorn Production — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-14 03:50 PM

One of the more obvious factors affecting acorn production is tree age and/or size.

Effects of Crown Position on Acorn Production — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

Different ways in which crown size and dominance has been shown to be a major determinant of acorn production.

Relationship Between Flower Crop Size and Acorn Crop Size — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

Several authors have concluded that the size of an acorn crop is not related to the size of a flower crop, or, the appearance of numerous pistillate flowers in the spring does not guarantee numerous acorns. There are certain developmental thresholds asso

Acorn Dispersal Mechanisms — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

Although the overall area of oak forests is shrinking, numerous localized expansions also are occurring through dispersal of acorns by birds and mammals from oak-dominated communities to other plant communities.

Longleaf Pine Community Description — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Flowering — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Three Forms of Oak Reproduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

Associated with these regeneration tactics are three commonly recognized growth forms that are collectively termed oak "reproduction": (1) seedlings, (2) seedling sprouts, and (3) stump sprouts.

Oak Regeneration Strategies in Xeric Ecosystems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

The most important aspect of the regeneration ecology of oaks is the ability of the xerophytic oaks to accumulate seedlings and seedling sprouts in the understory for decades because of its drought tolerance and a favorable light environment. Includes th

Oak Regeneration Strategies in Mesic Ecosystems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-20 09:25 AM

In mesic ecosystems, the density of northern red oak advance reproduction fluctuates widely, even where the species dominates the overstory. Northern red oak reproduction is at a competitive disadvantage in mesic ecosystems.

Oak Regeneration Strategy in Hydric Ecosystems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

Although sprouting is an important attribute of all oaks, there is growing evidence that seeding may be an important regeneration tactic of some bottomland oaks. Natural oak regeneration in the bottomlands has been inconsistent.

Definitions of Regeneration Terms — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

Terms defined: auto-accumulation, regeneration, regeneration potential, reproduction, seedling sprouts.

Evidence of Oak Regeneration Problems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

References to the oak regeneration problem are fairly numerous in the scientific literature. Nevertheless, not all reports of oak regeneration indicate failures; there are successes.

Geographical Extent of Oak Regeneration Problems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

The oak regeneration problem is geographically widespread; it is clear that oak regeneration problems are not confined to northern states.

Causes for Poor Oak Seedling Establishment — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

Summary of the causes of poor oak seedling establishment.

Oaks' Inability to Respond to Release — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

Numerous studies have shown that large numbers of advance oak regeneration will not necessarily assure acceptable oak regeneration even if released by complete clearcutting.

Historic Fire Regimes of Longleaf Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Site Moisture Effects on Oak Regeneration — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-20 09:31 AM

Estimates of site quality are important factors in determining oak regeneration potential as well as for growth prediction and modelling.

Causes for Slow Juvenile Growth Rate — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-20 09:36 AM

Light availability and the physiological characteristics of oak and its competitors determine whether or not oak regeneration will survive and grow.

Historical Origin of Existing Oak Stands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-20 09:48 AM

Oaks have dominated much of the central hardwood region of North America for over 6,000 years.About 6,000-9,000 years ago, this boreal forest was replaced by an oak-pine-mixed hardwood forest, which has retained dominance ever since. Today's existing oak

Fire and the Origin of Oak Stands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

The most plausible hypothesis to explain how oaks were able to dominate the landscape for thousands of years before European settlement is fire - both naturally occurring as well as those set by the native American population.

Site Index for Oak — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

Site index curves for northern red oak are available for several regions, including the Lake States, New England, the central Appalachians, and the Boston Mountains of Arkansas.

Ecological Classification and Oaks — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

Ecological classification systems provide another method for assessing northern red oak site relations.

Forest Roads — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-20 02:08 PM

 

Timber Harvesting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-20 02:29 PM

Harvesting and other forest operations are tools for managing the forest landscape. Harvesting affects both the production of goods and income from the forest as well as the condition of the residual forest.

History of Timber Harvesting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

At the turn of the 20th century, technological advances and the eastern United States' need for lumber almost eliminated all the southern Appalachian forests. Lumber companies turned to the southern Appalachians after exhausting timber supplies in the Nor

Basic Steps in Timber Harvesting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-20 02:34 PM

Harvesting timber is a complex process of interconnected activities. The purpose of the harvest is defined by the resource manager’s prescription for the stand. All of the harvesting functions have to be organized and operated to achieve the prescript

Fire Effects on Longleaf Pine Vegetation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Planning Timber Harvesting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

There are two types of timber harvest planning, strategic and tactical. Strategic planning considers how to manage a group of forest stands in a large area over a long period of time to achieve the desired management goals. Tactical logging plans are sit

Felling — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Processing — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-20 02:41 PM

 

Bunching — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

Two different types of skidding equipment may be used to haul one load from the stump to the deck. Smaller and slower equipment, such as the crawler tractor, may be used to gather and bunch a load by the road or skid trail while a larger and faster piece

Extraction Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-20 02:42 PM

Primary extraction, also known as in-woods transport, is the process of moving felled trees or logs from the stump to the landing.

Landing — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Loading — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-20 02:48 PM

After wood is processed and sorted at the landing, it is loaded onto some form of highway transport.

Trucking — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-20 02:50 PM

 

Animal Skidding — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-20 02:52 PM

Typically, landowners use animal logging because they do not want mechanical skidders used. This system uses manual felling and bucking at the stump with a chainsaw. The animal will then pull the log to a landing for secondary transportation.

Mechanical Skidding — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

Skidding the logs to the landing is usually the most time-consuming process in primary extraction.

Managing Longleaf Pine with Prescribed Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Forwarding — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-20 02:53 PM

Forwarding is a method of moving logs by carrying rather than dragging them. The forwarder is a wheeled machine with bunks on the back for carrying short trees or logs.

Cable Skidders — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-20 02:54 PM

Cable skidders are wheeled or tracked machines that use a winch and cable on the rear of the vehicle to gather and skid the logs to the landing.

Cable Yarding Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-20 02:57 PM

Extending ground-based harvesting systems onto steeper slopes led to increasing public concern about harvesting impacts. Cable logging was a proven technology used in the western U.S. and Europe that appeared to meet the combined challenge of steep slope

Aerial Logging Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Grapple Skidders — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-20 03:00 PM

 

Manual Felling — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-20 03:00 PM

Manual felling is performed by a person with a chainsaw. To cut a tree, the faller must first evaluate a number of factors including lean, desired direction of fall, distribution of the crown weight, presence of any defects in the stem, and anything else

Mechanical Felling — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-20 03:02 PM

There are three basic types of mechanical felling machines. Single-function machines are only capable of directionally felling a tree, while dual-function machines (called feller-bunchers) cut are able to fell a tree and move the cut stem to a pile. The

Classes of Rural Roads — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Coweeta Research on Road Design — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Road Design for Water Control — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Fire Use in the Montane Region of the Longleaf Pine Range — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Problem Roads: Reconstruction and Restoration — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Geomorphic Effects of Roads — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Effects of Roads on Air-Quality — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-20 03:23 PM

 

Effects of Roads on Aquatic Habitat — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Effects of Roads on Biodiversity and Conservation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Roads and Biological Invasions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Economic Effects of Roads — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Effects of Roads on Energy and Mineral Resources — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Effects of Roads on Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Effects of Roads on Forest Diseases — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Effects of Fire Suppression — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Effects of Roads on Forest Research, Inventory, and Monitoring — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Roads and Fragmentation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Effects of Roads on Grazing and Rangeland Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Effects of Roads on Habitat — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Effects of Roads on Heritage and Cultural Values — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Hydrologic Effects of Roads — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Effects of Roads on Nonmarket and Passive-Use Value — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Effects of Roads on Nontimber Forest Products — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Effects of Roads on Predation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Effects of Roads on Private Inholdings — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Wednesday Morning Plenary — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

Distribution and Composition of Florida Scrub — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Effect of Roads on Recreation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Effects of Roads on Roadkill — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Effects of Roads on Site Productivity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Effects of Roads on Terrestrial Vertebrates — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Effect of Road Closures on Timber Programs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Effects of Roads on Water Quality — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Causes of Degraded Hardwood Stands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Solutions to Managing Degraded Stands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Rating Degraded Stands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

A Checklist for Managing Degraded Stands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Fire Regime of Florida Scrub — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Management Alternatives for Degraded Stands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-21 01:14 PM

 

Converting Degraded Stands to Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Hardwood Regeneration in Degraded Stands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-21 01:15 PM

 

Planting Hardwoods in Degraded Stands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-21 01:26 PM

 

Intermediate Management of Degraded Stands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Periodic Cutting of Degraded Stands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Multiple-Use Management of Degraded Stands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

No Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Importance of Yellow-Poplar — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-21 01:27 PM

 

Yellow-Poplar Silvics and Ecology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-21 01:28 PM

 

Life History Strategies of Florida Scrub Plants — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Site Quality and Yellow-Poplar Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-21 01:28 PM

Proper classification of site quality is critical for management of yellow-poplar, a site-sensitive species. Quality of the site will dictate to a large extent species composition; the ease of obtaining regeneration; cultural practices likely to be needed

Establishing Yellow-Poplar Regeneration — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-21 01:29 PM

 

Managing Established Yellow-Poplar Stands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-21 01:30 PM

 

Need for Managing Established Stands of Yellow-Poplar — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Managing Seedling-Sapling Stands of Yellow-Poplar — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Effect of Fertilization on Yellow-Poplar — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Thinning Pole and Sawtimber Stands of Yellow-Poplar — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-21 02:09 PM

 

Growth of Individual Yellow-Poplar Trees After Thinning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Cubic-Foot and Board-Foot Growth — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Effect of Thinning on Bole and Wood Quality — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Fire Effects in Florida Scrub — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Thinning Regimes for Yellow-Poplar — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-21 02:13 PM

 

Growth and Yield of Thinned Yellow-Poplar Stands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Establishing Natural Regeneration of Yellow-Poplar — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-21 03:08 PM

 

Establishing Artificial Regeneration — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Determining Site Quality Using Site Index — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-21 02:41 PM

 

Determining Site Quality Using Species Comparisons — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-21 02:43 PM

 

Determining Site Quality Using Soils and Topography — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Yellow-Poplar Associations and Variation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Pests and Other Damaging Agents of Yellow-Poplar — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-21 02:49 PM

 

Site Requirements of Yellow-Poplar — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-21 02:51 PM

 

Prescribed Fire in Florida Scrub — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Seed Production — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Yellow-Poplar Seedling Establishment — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Yellow-Poplar Sprout Reproduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Yellow-Poplar: A Brief Description — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

Yellow-poplar is one of the top commercial hardwood species in the United States because of its availability, rapid growth, large size, excellent form, early natural pruning, and the good working quality of the wood.

Distribution of Yellow-Poplar Growing Stock — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-21 02:58 PM

The botanical range of yellow-poplar encompasses practically the entire eastern United States. A relatively large surplus of periodic annual growth over removals and mortality continues to add to the already large growing stock base.

Yellow-Poplar Products — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

Yellow-poplar is an extremely versatile wood with a multitude of uses. It is straight-grained with medium even texture, moderate in weight and stiffness. Its specific gravity is low compared to other hardwoods. In this respect it is comparable to softwood

Silvics of Hardwood species — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

Links to hardwood species (scientific name and common name).

Silvics of Softwood Species — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

Links to softwood species, including scientific and common name.

Public Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-27 03:58 PM

Government agencies hold 21 percent (4.9 million acres) of the timberland in the in the southern Appalachians, which is the hightest concentration of public lands in the Southern U.S.

Timber Supply in the Southern Appalachians — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-27 03:23 PM

Various factors may affect timber supplies, including the area of timberland, growing-stock volume, species, log quality, and the costs of timber harvesting.

Research Gaps in Florida Scrub Fire Ecology and Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Timber Demand in the Southern Applachians — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-27 03:39 PM

Markets are strong for both the highest and the lowest quality timber in the region. Rising demand for wood products is attributed to an expanding population with increasing disposable income. Evidence of these strong markets can be seen in several trend

Nonindustrial Private Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-27 03:42 PM

The area of forest land under private ownership has declined slightly, falling 1 percent in one decade (1982-1992). This loss was mainly due to development, which increased by more than 600,000 acres over the same decade.

Storage — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Management Guidelines for Reducing Fire Effects on Soil Erosion and Water — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 11:25 AM

this is a test.

Human Alterations of Fire Regime of Florida Scrub — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Fire Effects on Soil — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 11:25 AM

 

Smoke Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 11:29 AM

This section describes models of smoke movement, avoiding and reducing smoke, components of smoke, smoke and air quality, and air quality regulations.

State of the Science in Ecological Risk Assessment — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

 

Encyclopedia of Southern Fire Science — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:05 AM

ESFS synthesizes volumes of scientific knowledge about fire science in the southern United States.

Fire Education Programs in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-28 11:33 AM

Fire is an important issue to the public, and public understanding is key to natural resource managers’ ability to effectively manage fire. Understanding the role of fire will help landowners and land users appreciate and support the efforts of federal

Endemism in Florida Scrub — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Discussion and Conclusions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Needs for Additional Research — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Acknowledgments — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Literature Cited — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Tables and Figures — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 1.1--Terrestrial Vertebrate Species Classified as Presumed (GX) or Possibly (GH) Extinct in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 1.2--Vertebrate Species Extirpated from Selected States Within the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 1.3--Amphibian Species Within the South With Global Rankings of G1a, G2b, and G3c — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 1.4--Reptile Species Within the South With Global Rankings of G1a, G2b, and G3c — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 1.5--Bird Species Within the South With Global Rankings of G1a, G2b, and G3c — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Prescribed Fire and Pond Cypress Wetlands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Table 1.6--Mammal Species Within the South With Global Rankings of G1a, G2b, and G3c — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 1.7--Number of Breeding Bird Species With Increasing, Decreasing, and Stable Trends From 1966 to 1996 by Life-History Characteristics for the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 1.8—The National Trends of Raptors That Occur in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 1.9--Ecosystem Communities That Have Declined by 70% or More in the South Since European Settlement — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 1.10—The Nature Conservancy’s Summary of Distributions and Threats for Rare Communities of the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 1.11--Examples of Soft and Hard Mast-Producing Species in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 1.12--Selected Mammals of the South That Utilize Hard and Soft Mast in their Diets — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 1.13--Selected Birds of the South That Utilize Hard and Soft Mast in Their Diets — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 1.14--National Park Service National Parks and Monuments in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 1.15--U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Refuges Within the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fire Lines and Forested Wetlands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Table 1.16--National Forest Location and Acreage in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 1.17--Summary of Inventoried Roadless Areas in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 1.18--Wilderness Areas in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 1.1—Proportion of Southern Terrestrial Vertebrate Species at Risk. The Other Category Includes Species That Have Not Been Ranked or Have Questionable Status — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 1.2—Number of Terrestrial Vertebrate Species at Risk Delineated by Major Taxa in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 1.3—Population Trends of Wild Turkey in Southern States That Provided Estimates and Long-Term Projections [Based on State Wildlife Agency Data — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 1.4—Population Trends of Deer in Southern States That Provided Estimates and Long-Term Projections [Based on State Wildlife Agency Data — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 1.5—Population Trends of Black Bear in Southern States That Provided Estimates and Long-Term Projections [Based on State Wildlife Agency Data — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 1.6—Population Trends of Red, Gray, and Fox Squirrels in Southern States That Provided Estimates and Long-Term Projections — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 1.7—Population Trends of Cottontail Rabbits in Southern States That Provided Estimates and Long-Term Projections — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Organic Soils: Management Concerns for Prescribed Burners — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Figure 1.8—Population Trends of Northern Bobwhite Quail in Southern States That Provided Estimates and Long-Term Projections — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 1.9—Population Trends of Forest Grouse in Southern States That Provided Estimates and Long-Term Projections — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 1.10—Trends in Duck Harvest From 1965 to 1995 by Administrative Flyway Encompassing the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 1.11—Trends in Goose Harvest From 1965 to 1995 by Administrative Flyway Encompassing the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 1.12—Population Trends in Mourning Dove From 1966 to 1996 by Management Unit — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 1.13—Population Trends in Woodcock from 1968 to 1996 by Management Unit — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 1.14—Projected Trends of Beaver Populations in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 1.15—Projected Trends of Raccoon Populations in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 1.16—Projected Trends of Muskrat Populations in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 1.17—Projected Trends of Coyote Populations in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Rare Plants in Fire Maintained Forested Wetland Ecotones — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Figure 1.18—Projected Trends of Bobcat Populations in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 1.19—Projected Trends of Red and Gray Fox Populations in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 1.20—The Proportion of Southern Bird Species With Increasing, Decreasing, and Stable Trends From 1966 to 1996. Birds Have Been Grouped by Broad Life-History Characteristics, Migration Status, and Breeding Habitat — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 1.21—Patterns of Bird Richness in the South Based Upon Counts From the Breeding Bird Survey — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 1.22—The Historic and Present Distribution of Longleaf Pine in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 1.23—National Forest and Other Public Ownership of Timberland in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 1.24—The Distribution of National Forests, National Parks, and National Refuges in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Status and Trends of Terrestrial Vertebrate Species — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-02-02 03:34 PM

 

Hard and Soft Mast — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-02-02 03:34 PM

 

The Implications of Habitat Fragmentation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Everglades: Location, Extent and Environmental Factors — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

The Influence of Land Ownership Patterns — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-02-02 03:36 PM

 

Historical Conditions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Status and Trends of Terrestrial Vertebrate Species — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Sensitive and Rare Communities — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Hard and Soft Mast — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Contribution of Public Lands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Implications of Habitat Fragmentation on Vertebrate Species — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Introduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Forces of Change — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Social and Economic Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Everglades: Flora and Fauna — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Forest Area and Conditions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Terrestrial Ecosystems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Water Quality, Wetlands, and Aquatic Ecosystems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Discussion — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Broad Findings — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Subregions of Concern — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Implications for Ongoing Programs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Knowledge Gaps and Scientific Uncertainties — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Water Quality — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Forested Wetlands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

A National Soil Drainage Index Map as a Tool for Forest Insect and Disease Risk Assessments — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

Everglades Fire Regime — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Aquatic Species of Concern — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Conservation Issues — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Abundant Forest Communities — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Rare Forest Communities — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Effects of Land Use Changes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Effects of Forest Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Wildlife Species of Concern — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Conservation Issues — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Forest Area and Ownership — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Broad Forest Types — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fire Effects in the Everglades — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Landscape Structure — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Forest Inventory — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Timberland Productivity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Social Context — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

People and Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Wood Products — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Recreation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Quality of Life — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Forecasting Change — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Land Markets — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Prescribed Fire in the Everglades — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Timber Markets — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Social Institutions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Biological Factors — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Physical Factors — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Interactions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

How the Assessment Was Conducted — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Conditions of Southern Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Key Findings — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Introduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Methods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fire Control and Suppression — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

Abstract for Fire Control and Suppression section

Data Sources — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Results and Discussion — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Conclusions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Needs for Additional Research — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Acknowledgments — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Literature Cited — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Tables and Figures — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 20.1--Composite of National Wetland Inventory (NW) Wetland Status and Trend Information for the Conterminous and Southeastern United States — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 20.2--Comparison of Total Wetland and Forested Wetland Acres and the Predominant Cause of Change — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 20.3--Estimated Acres of Palustrine Forested Wetland Conversion and Loss by State and by Activity in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fire Control History — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Table 20.4--Comparison of forested wetland community types and extents with hydrogeomorphic class — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Table 20.5--Wetland Reserve Program Acres by State in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 20.1--Physiographic Regions of the Southern United States — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 20.2--Change in Forested Wetlands in South Based on Natural Resources Inventory 1982-1987 — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Figure 20.3--Causes of Palustrine and Estuarine Wetland Losses Based on 1992-1997 National Resources Inventory Data — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Status of Forested Wetlands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Alterations to Forested Wetlands Due to Development, Agriculture, and Silviculture — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Policy — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

History — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Definitions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Current Fire Policy's Impact on Fire Control and Suppression In the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Summary — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Upland Pine-Hardwood Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Other Community Types — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Upland Hardwood Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Upland Hardwood Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Pre-settlement vegetation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Sources of pre-settlement vegetation and fire history information — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Historic fire regime — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Adaptations by oaks and pines to fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fire Effects on Amounts of Soil Organic Matter (Carbon) and Nitrogen — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Current Issues: Fire in the South's Urbanizing Landscape — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Charcoal (“Black Carbon”) and Its Effect on Soil Properties — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Carbon and Nitrogen Release from Soil Organic Matter as Affected by Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fire Effects on the Chemical Properties of Soil Organic Matter — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Black Carbon: Definition, Role in Soil Formation, Decomposition — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Prescribed Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Wildfire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Wildland Fire Rehabilitation and Restoration — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

p2770 — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire in the Silviculture of Southern Pines — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fuel Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fuel Management Planning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Management Options — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Comparison of Procedures — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Effectiveness — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Maintenance — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Case Studies — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Wildfire Mitigation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Decomposition — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Prescribed Burning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Mechaical Fuel Reduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Chemical Fuel Reduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Livestock — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fuel Break and Reduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Purpose — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Techniques — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Ecological Impacts — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Regeneration — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fire in Today's South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Organic Matter — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Structure — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fuel Breaks and Reduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Purpose — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Techniques — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Ecological Impacts — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Regeneration — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Organic Matter — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Structure — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fuel Break and Reduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Multiresolution Image Segmentation with eCognition for Forest Landscape Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

Wildfire Occurence — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Purpose — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Firing Techniques — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Assessment of Oak Wilt Threat to Habitat of the Golden-Cheeked Warbler, an Endangered Species, in Central Texas — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

A major epidemic of oak wilt, caused by Ceratocystis fagacearum (Bretz) Hunt, has been killing trees in Central Texas for at least 40 years.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Woodlands were sampled on Fort Hood Military Installation that were typical of the oak-juniper savanna ecosystem in Central Texas.

Characterization of Central Texas Ecosystem — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Central Texas is a unique, fragile ecosystem increasingly pressured by multiple land use objectives.

Characterization of the Study Site: Ft. Hood, TX — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

There are no significant Federal parks or reserves in the Texas Hill Country.

Association between Golden-Cheeked Warbler and Oak Wilt — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

A migratory songbird inhabiting Fort Hood, the endangered golden-cheeked warbler (GCW, Dendroica chrysoparia), is of particular interest to conservation specialists, wildlife experts, and military planners.

Oak Wilt Management Concerns and Objectives — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Oak wilt control on a landscape scale involves removal of large numbers of trees, both healthy and diseased, and digging deep trenches on the perimeters of disease centers.

Methods and Materials — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Separate surveys were conducted to assess the incidence of oak wilt on Fort Hood and to determine the affects of the disease on GCW populations.

2001 Survey — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The goal of the 2001 survey was to estimate the incidence of oak wilt at Fort Hood.

2003-04 Survey — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

One of the goals of the second survey was to characterize typical GCW nesting sites and assess the threat posed by oak wilt to GCW populations.

Classification Tree Analysis — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Tree-based modeling is an exploratory technique for uncovering structure in data and has been used with ecological data that are complex, unbalanced, and contain missing values.

Results — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 01:31 PM

This section summarizes 2001 and 2003-04 survey results.

Classification Tree Model — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The classification tree model was developed using the plot survey data from nesting sites (GCW/NS) in 2004 and tested with plot survey data from one of the four habitat categories (GCW/non-OW) collected in 2003 and 2004.

Discussion — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Photointerpretation of the satellite imagery for the 2001 survey proved to be fairly accurate in identifying oak wilt.

Managing Wildland Fire Risk in Florida — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Florida's Wildland Fire Risk Assessment (FRA), which was completed in 2002, is a statewide effort to develop a comprehensive suite of standardized, spatial data layers developed to support implementation of a statewide fuels management strategy.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Florida possesses a unique set of characteristics that make much of the State highly susceptible to wildfire.

Wildland Fire Risk — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

SWRA ModelWebster's dictionary defines risk as "The possibility of suffering harm or loss." As one can see, there needs to be both a likelihood and effect of an action or event before one can incur a risk.

Wildland Fire Susceptibility Index — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

As used in the Florida and Southern Fire Risk Assessment, the Wildland Fire Susceptibility Index is a value developed to represent an index related to the probability of an acre burning.

Fire Behavior Prediction Inputs — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Surface Fuel Models in FloridaPredicting fire behavior requires knowledge of fuels, weather, and topography.

Fire Behavior Outputs — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Fire behavior outputs are a key component of the model used to estimate the WFSI.

Fire Suppression Effectiveness--Rate of Spread vs Final Fire Size Relationships — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

For a cell, the FOA designation provides an estimate of the cell igniting.

Calculation Example of the Cellular Value for the Probability of an Acre Burning — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The cellular value for the probability of an acre burning (CPAB) is calculated for each percentile weather category for each 30- by 30-m cell on burnable acres within the State of Florida.

Fire Effects — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The Fire Effects Index is comprised of two input ratings: values impacted and suppression difficulty.

Level of Concern Index — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The Level of Concern Index is calculated as the Wildland Fire Susceptibility Index times the Fire Effects Index .

Fire Response Accessibility Index — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The Fire Response Accessibility Index (FRAI) is a relative measure of how long it would take initial attack resources to drive from their resource location to each cell.

Uses and Application in Florida — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Although it is generally believed that the goals and objectives were met, one point concerning the assessment should be emphasized.

Utilizing Remotely Sensed Data & Elementary Analytical Techniques in Post-Katrina Mississippi to Examine Storm Damage Modeling — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Hurricane Katrina's passage through south Mississippi on August 29, 2005, which damaged or destroyed thousands of hectares of forestland, was followed by massive salvage, cleanup, and assessment efforts.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 02:08 PM

An overview of the study is provided.

Objectives — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Because the MFC assessment was performed rapidly through aerial viewing using expert approximation, a more definitive and continuous damage assessment model was sought.

Methodology — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The methodology of this case study include utilization of Remotely Sensed Data, Land Cover and Type Thematic Data, and Ancillary Storm Data.

Remotely Sensed Data — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Acquiring, preprocessing, and transforming remotely sensed data is reviewed.

Land Cover and Type Thematic Data — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The creation of thematic data for use by MIFI in a statewide forest inventory, per the inventory's procedural pilot study, was outlined and resulted in forest age and type thematic layers.

Ancillary Storm Data — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Four dataset types were obtained from the internet for use in this study as storm attribute layers.

Model Creation — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Independent and dependent variable assignment is discussed.

Results — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The best 8 variable models illustrate moderate fits with RMSE values below 0.15 in only 1 model and R2adj values above 0.55 in 2 models.

Discussion — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

This section discusses model and variable characteristics as well as possible improvements.

Conclusions — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Clutter and others (1983) defines risk in the statement: "the inability to estimate future cash flows with certainty is the basic cause of risk in an investment." At play in this analysis are other issues that effect the probability of acquiring an expected return.

An Aquatic Multi-Scale Assessment and Planning Framework Approach--Forest Plan Revision Case Study — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The Aquatic Multi-Scale Assessment and Planning Framework is a web-based decision support tool developed to assist aquatic practitioners in managing fisheries and watershed information.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-30 06:35 PM

The Aquatic Multi-Scale Assessment and Planning Framework is a web-based decision support tool developed to facilitate conservation and restoration planning for aquatic species influenced by national forest management.

The Six-Step Framework Template — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-22 12:36 PM

The Framework process is organized into six steps.

Step 1 - Current Condition, Status, and Distribution of Native Trout Populations and Associated Stream-Riparian Habitats — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-30 04:13 PM

Step 1(A) displays the current distribution of cutthroat trout populations across their assumed historical distribution in Central Bear River subbasin.

Step 2 - Desired Future Condition of Native Trout Populations and Associated Stream-Riparian Habitats — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-30 03:59 PM

Desired future conditions for fish populations and watershed conditions were generated by Forest biologists familiar with the subbasin.

Step 3 - Risks and Threats to Native Trout Populations and Associated Stream-Riparian Habitats — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-30 04:04 PM

Extinction risks for salmonids are influenced by complex and interacting factors that are often difficult, if not impossible, to identify and measure.

Step 4 - Analysis and Interpretation of the Risks and Threats that Influence Native Trout Populations and Associated Stream-Riparian Habitats — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-30 04:06 PM

In step 4, national forest biologists analyzed risks and threats to populations and their habitats at the subwatershed level, identifying those risks and threats most urgently to be considered and addressed by management.

Step 5 - Conservation and Restoration Strategies to Address Risks and Threats to Native Fish Populations and Associated Stream-Riparian Habitats — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-30 04:11 PM

In step 5, the Forests used information gained in steps 1-4 to design a conservation and restoration strategy that could maintain and restore aquatic ecosystems at subwatershed through subbasin scales.

Step 6 - Inventory, Monitoring, and Research Strategies — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Inventory and research strategies fill data gaps and validate assumptions.

Conclusions — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The Aquatic Multi-Scale Assessment and Planning Framework, as a web-based decision support tool, will facilitate conservation and restoration planning for aquatic species and watersheds influenced by national forest management.

A Landscape Scale Remote Sensing/GIS Tool to Assess Eastern Hemlock Vulnerability to Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Induced Decline — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand) (HWA) is an invasive insect pest that is causing widespread mortality of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis).

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Insect pests and pathogens represent the largest and most pervasive agents of natural disturbance in North American forests, with potentially significant economic, aesthetic, and ecological consequences for northern forest ecosystems.

Objectives — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The goal of this work was to build a data-driven, empirical decline model for hemlock vulnerability to HWA that could be applied to a spatially continuous GIS model.

Methods — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Plots in mature hemlock (where hemlock occupies >50 percent of the canopy) were established across a wide range of hemlock health, HWA infestation levels, site characteristics, and stand demographics. This included 48 sites characterizing the extremes of hemlock resistance and vulnerability to HWA from Pennsylvania to Maine.

Field and Laboratory Methods — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Each plot was sampled and evaluated yearly for a suite of decline symptoms, foliar chemistry, and HWA infestation levels.

Predictive Model Calibration — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Data from plots that are known to have been infested for at least 4 years were used to calibrate a linear, mixed stepwise model of average decline since infestation. In a mixed platform, forward and backward steps are enlisted.

GIS Data Layers Used for Mapping Risk in the Catskills — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Hemlock vulnerability to HWA is complex and linked to multiple site, climatic, stand, and chemical factors.

Risk Coverage for the Catskills — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The results of this model highlight which environmental variables are significant in determining hemlock decline rates and the nature of those relationships.

Results and Discussion — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The final 3-term predictive model included aspect and slope.

Conclusions — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Creating an acceptable model of a complex, dynamic system is always challenging.

Pickerel Frog — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Wood Frog — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Southern Leopard Frog — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Eastern Spadefoot — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Fire Regimes of Oak Hickory Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Eastern Narrowmouth Toad — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Northern Cricket Frog — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Cope’s Gray Treefrog/Gray Treefrog — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Mountain Chorus Frog — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Spring Peeper — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Upland Chorus Frog — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

American Toad — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Southern Toad — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Woodhouse’s Toad — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Mole Salamanders (Ambystomatidae) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 04:03 PM

 

Fire Effects and the Effects of Fire Suppression in Oak-Hickory Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Amphiumas (Amphiumidae) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Lungless Salamanders (Plethodontidae) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 04:06 PM

 

Waterdogs and Mudpuppies (Proteidae) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 04:06 PM

 

Hellbenders (Cryptobranchidae) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 04:06 PM

 

Sirens (Sirenidae) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-07 04:07 PM

 

Eastern Newt — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Hellbender — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Mudpuppy — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Green Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Seepage Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Prescribed Fire Use in Oak-hickory Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Dusky Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Imitator Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Seal Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Mountain Dusky Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Blackbelly Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Santeetlah Dusky Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Black Mountain Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Pigmy Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Northern Two-lined Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Southern Two-lined Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Fire Regimes of Xeric-oak Pine Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Three-lined Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Junaluska Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Longtail Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Cave Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Dwarf Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Blue Ridge Two-lined Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Spring Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Four-toed Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Shovelnose Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Tellico Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Fire Ecology of Pitch and Virginia Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Redback Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Zigzag Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Slimy Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Valley and Ridge Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Peaks of Otter Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Jordan’s Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Cumberland Plateau Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Southern Appalachian Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

White-spotted Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Ravine Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Wednesday Afternoon - Concurrent A — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

Using Prescribed Fire in Oak-pine Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Southern Redback Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Shenandoah Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Wehrle’s Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Weller’s Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Yonahlossee Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Mud Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Red Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Western Slimy Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Chattahoochee Slimy Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Atlantic Coast Slimy Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Oaks and Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

White-spotted Slimy Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Northern Slimy Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Southeastern Slimy Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Kiamichi Slimy Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Louisiana Slimy Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Mississippi Slimy Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Ocmulgee Slimy Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Savannah Slimy Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Sequoyah Slimy Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

South Carolina Slimy Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Distribution and Composition of Coastal Marshes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Jefferson Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Spotted Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Marbled Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Tiger Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Mole Salamander — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Ducks and Ducklike Birds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Wading Birds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Fowl-Like Birds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Birds of Prey — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Nonpasserine Land Birds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Fire Regime of Coastal Marsh — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Passerine (Perching) Birds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Imperiled Birds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

Among the bird species of the southern Appalachians, three are threatened and endangered and six are thought to have viability concerns (SAMAB 1996).

Imperiled Mammals — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

Among the mammal species of the southern Appalachians, seven are threatened and endangered and eight are thought to have viability concerns (SAMAB 1996).

Imperiled Reptiles and Amphibians — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

Among the reptile and amphibian species of the southern Appalachians, a number of species are threatened and endangered or are thought to have viability concerns (SAMAB 1996).

Wildlife Management Agencies in the Southern Appalachians — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-08 10:03 AM

Wildlife management in the past has been primarily a state and federal activity; private groups either manage wildlife or promote wildlife management.

People Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

A vital part of modern wildlife resource management is people management, whether called human dimensions, conservation education, public relations, regulations, or just information and education.

Species-Specific Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-08 09:27 AM

The goal of management for a single species is usually to stabilize or increase the local population of that species.

Managing the Timber Resource: An Overview — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-08 09:32 AM

Several factors, both historic and current, have a bearing on selecting the appropriate management strategy. Various authors have pointed out that development of advance regeneration is critical to success in Appalachian hardwood stands. Maintaining spec

The Timber Industry — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-08 09:33 AM

A vibrant timber industry based on sustained timber growth and production in second-growth forests thrives in the Southern Appalachians.

Silvics of Major Species — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-08 09:37 AM

Provides summaries of the silvical characteristics of important Appalachian hardwood and conifer species from the Silvics of North America (USDA Forest Service 1990).

Fire Ecology of Coastal Marsh — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Silviculture of Yellow-Poplar Stands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-09 03:41 PM

Importance of yellow-poplar, yellow-poplar silvics/ecology, Site Quality and yellow-poplar management, Establishing yellow-poplar regeneration, and managing established yellow-poplar stands.

The Silviculture of Degraded Hardwood Stands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-09 03:42 PM

A degraded hardwood stand contains either a substantial number of low-quality trees, or an insufficient number or low basal area of manageable trees. These stands are often created by high-grading, wildfires, or insects and disease outbreaks and can occur

Timber Harvesting and Roads — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-09 03:44 PM

 

Acorn Maturity Indices — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Acorn Maturity Indices — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Silviculture of Oak Stands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-09 03:50 PM

Comprehending the options, opportunities, and limitations in managing oak forests requires, among other things, an understanding of oak regeneration problems, oak sivics/ecology, and management options for new and mature oak stands.

Importance of Oaks — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-12 02:22 PM

The oaks are of major economic importance for wood products as well as for numerous wildlife, recreation, and aesthetic uses and values in both rural and urban forests.

Oak Regeneration Challenges — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-12 02:26 PM

At the forest landscape scale, oak forests are changing ecologically because of widespread successional displacement of oaks by more shade tolerant species, the absence of fire, and the increased mortality of oaks caused by gypsy moth, defoliation, and oa

Oak Silvics/Ecology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-12 02:32 PM

Links to sites focusing on the biology, physiology, and ecology of oak regeneration.

Establishing Oak Regeneration — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-12 02:39 PM

Oak can be regenerated by several silvicultural methods and managed either as even-aged or uneven-aged stands. This section discusses the how to assess the regeneration potential of a stand and the various methods used to naturally regenerate oak (e.g.,

Fire and Coastal Marsh Birds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Managing Established Oak Stands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

There are a variety of intermediate treatments used to maintain and improve established oak stands. These treatments (e.g., thinnings, release, improvement cuts) are discussed.

Thinnings and Oak Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Release Operations and Oak Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-12 02:48 PM

 

Grapevine Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-12 02:48 PM

 

Controlling Grapevines with Herbicides — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Grapevine Management in Uneven-Aged Stands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Grapevine Management in Even-Age Stands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-12 02:51 PM

 

Grapevine Management in Young Immature Stands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

The Dilemma of Controlling Grapevines — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-12 02:52 PM

 

Grapevine Biology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Fire Effects on Coastal Marsh Vegetation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Management Implications of Acorn Production — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

Seed production for oaks, particularly red and white oak, is very sporadic and unpredictable. To be successful in establishing oak seedlings, good-to-bumper acorn crops are necessary to assure there are enough to feed wildlife and still have acorns to ger

Knowledge Gaps in Managing for Oak Regeneration — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-12 02:38 PM

Despite the wealth of research on establishing oak regeneration, serious gaps remain.

Oak Regeneration Potential — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-12 03:11 PM

The key to replacing current oak stands with new oak stands is having well-established oak advance reproduction in place when the final harvest is made. Therefore, the first step in planning for oak regeneration is to evaluate the oak regeneration potential, or, the potential of the oak advance reproduction plus stump sprouts to replace the current stand. The oak regeneration potential can be poor (seedlings or saplings not present), marginal (seedlings present but not tall enough), or adequate (saplings present and at least 4.5 ft. tall). In reality, the situation where numerous oak understory stems are greater than 4.5 ft. rarely occurs

Site Preparation Treatments in Oak Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-12 03:12 PM

Site preparation treatments, such as herbicides and fire can be used to control competing vegetation in regenerating oak stands. However, continued political constraints and social concerns related to using herbicides may result in limited to perhaps no use of herbicides on public forest lands. Fire would also be a difficult tool to apply from a practical basis because many of the good sites would be difficult to burn under prevailing weather conditions. Mechanical site preparation techniques are less common for oak management.

Natural Regeneration Methods for Oak — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-12 03:13 PM

Oak can be regenerated by several silvicultural methods and managed either as even-aged or uneven-aged stands. Among the various natural regeneration methods researched, the shelterwood method is probably the most promising method for regenerating oaks in the southern Appalachians. Group selection methods are also potentially suitable for regenerating northern red oak. Although clearcutting has been a widely recommended method for xeric sites, it has been less successful in regenerating oaks in the more mesic ecosystems of the Appalachians. Single tree selection is very restricted in its application in the southern Appalachians.

Artificial Regeneration of Oak — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-12 03:15 PM

Artificial regeneration methods have also been attempted to enhance oak regeneration, but these attempts have been met with little success in the southern Appalachians.

Collection and Care of Acorns — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-12 03:17 PM

 

Acorn Maturity Indices — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Post-Harvest Care — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Cleaning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Prescribed Burning of Coastal Marsh — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

Acorn Storage — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-12 03:20 PM

 

Application of Two-Aged Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Application of the Seed-Tree Method — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-12 03:22 PM

 

Application of Single-Tree Selection Cutting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-12 03:24 PM

 

Application of Clearcutting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-12 03:25 PM

 

Application of Shelterwood Cutting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-12 03:26 PM

 

Application of Group Selection Cutting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2009-01-12 03:27 PM

 

Justification for Group Selection Cutting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Effects of Group Selection on Regeneration — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Limitations of Group Selection Cutting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:04 AM

 

Fire Management of Coastal Marshes: Research Needs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:56 AM

 

The Formation of Dense Understory Layers in Forests Worldwide: Consequences and Implications for Forest Dynamics, Biodiversity, and Succession — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Alterations to natural herbivore and disturbance regimes often allow a select suite of forest understory plant species to dramatically spread and form persistent, mono-dominant thickets.

Introduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Major anthropogenic changes in the frequency and severity of natural disturbance regimes can radically alter understory species composition and threaten the long-term sustainability and biodiversity of plant ecosystems.

On the Development of Recalcitrant Understory Layers Worldwide — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Recent changes in disturbance and browsing regimes have strongly impacted species composition in forest understories worldwide.

Processes Causing the Formation of Recalcitrant Understory Layers — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

This section discusses how natural processes, including such stressors as: (1) overstory disturbance, (2) elevated herbivore regimes, and (3) altered fire regimes may be treated either as threats or benefits to forest communities. Overstory disturbances reinitiate stand development and characteristic fire and herbivore regimes often promote species coexistence.

Increased Overstory Disturbance — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Direct and indirect human-induced disturbances (including logging, fires, insect outbreaks, and pathogens) have increased the extent and particularly the frequency of overstory disturbance over the past century.

The Interaction of Elevated Herbivore and Canopy Disturbance — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

This section describes how extended periods of elevated browsing by either introduced or native mammalian herbivores often coincide with large-scale canopy disturbances leading to the development of dense interfering layers.

The Interaction of Altered Fire Regimes and Canopy Disturbance — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

This section discusses how human alterations to the frequency or severity of fire in various ecosystems are often linked to the increase in interfering species.

Recalcitrant Understory Layers Arrest, Delay, and Alter Forest Succession — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

This section describes different ways that a recalcitrant understory layer can influence forest regeneration and stand development following a disturbance event.

Arrested Succession — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

In a small number of documented cases, recalcitrant understory layers appear to exclude tree regeneration for extended periods of time.

Using Chemical Ecology Techniques to Improve Baits for Exotic Ambrosia Beetles — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

Wildland Firefighting Equipment — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

Tools used by the wildland firefighter.

Delayed Succession — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

A recalcitrant understory layer can slow the growth rate of tree species, thereby slowing the rate of successional change without altering the eventual tree species composition.

Altered Forest Succession — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

A recalcitrant understory layer may differentially reduce establishment among co-occurring tree species, thereby controlling the composition of the advance regeneration layer (George and Bazzaz 1999a, b).

Mechanisms of Interference over Tree Establishment, Survival, and Growth. — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

This section describes different ways that a dense understory canopy can suppress regeneration.

Resource Competition — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

In forested systems, perhaps the most prominent interference mechanism exerted by a recalcitrant understory layer would be direct competition for above- and below-ground resources.

Allelopathy — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

This section discusses the potential effects of the phenomenon called allelopathy: i.e., the inhibition of growth or survivorship of one plant species by chemicals produced by another species.

Seed Predation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

This section discusses how a dense understory layer can increase the activity of small mammals, thereby increasing the rate and impact of seed and seedling predation.

Litter Accumulation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

A thick litter layer typically reduces plant species diversity and density through a wide variety of direct and indirect mechanisms.

Mechanical Interference — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

A dense understory layer can reduce tree seedling regeneration via non-competitive, physical interference.

The Relationship Between Mechanisms of Interference and Phenology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

This section discusses how the intensity and duration of any particular interference mechanism can vary temporally as a result of the species' life history, whether evergreen, deciduous, or monocarpic.

Causes and Consequences of a Recalcitrant Understory Layer — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Discussed in this section is the contention that the expansion and monopolization of the understory by a narrow set of plant species is often an inadvertent outcome of policies and management decisions that deviate from natural forest overstory disturbance, fire, and herbivory regimes.

Hand Tools — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

Various tools used by hand crews in suppression and prescribed fire activities.

Floristic Diversity and Forest Succession — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The increasingly common development of recalcitrant understory layers worldwide plays a strong, yet vastly under-appreciated role in determining future successional patterns, forest composition, and diversity because of their tendency to selectively suppress tree regeneration.

Forest Dynamics Models — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Computer-based forest successional models remain the best tool to explore long-term successional outcomes; however, forest dynamics models typically fail to include a dense understory layer’s impact on early seedling survival and growth.

Forest Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Understanding the autoecological characteristics of interfering plant species may allow land managers to preemptively limit the aggressive spread of these species as well as provide alternative options for their control.

Wildland Loss — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-23 05:11 PM

Forestland conversion leads to ecological effects, (e.g., changes in water quality and wildlife habitat) and socio-economic effects; (e.g., expanding urban-forest interface, reduced long-term timber production possibilities and loss of open space).

Forestland Conversion and Recent Trends — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Forests cover about one-third of the United States and range from wildland forests to urban forests.

Forest Area Changes in Total — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

From 1953 to 1997, a majority (26) of States had a loss in forest area according to periodic surveys by the USDA Forest Service, e.g., Smith and others (2004).

Deforestation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The long-term loss in United States forest area since the early 1950s has been due to a combination of factors, but, in more recent decades, has been primarily due to conversion to urban and developed uses.

Conversion to Developed Uses — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Development spans a broad range of population density associated with settlement patterns, and definitions of development can depend on the data source and the purpose for which the data are analyzed.

Conversion to Agriculture — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

More than 8 million acres of forestland were converted to agricultural uses between 1982 and 1997 (USDA NRCS 2001).

Navigation Equipment — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

Tools used to navigate to and about a wildland fire.

Forest Fragmentation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Land use change can lead to forest fragmentation-the transformation of a contiguous patch of forest into disjunct patches.

Forest Parcelization — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Forest parcelization is the subdivision of forest tracts into smaller ownerships.

Increased Numbers of Buildings and People on Forestland — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

A significant proportion of forestland undergoing development each year is used for dispersed residential development in fringe suburbs and smaller cities, commonly known as sprawl.

Trees in Urban and Developed Areas — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The extent of urban forest has grown appreciably in recent decades.

Summary — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Five types of land base changes (afforestation, deforestation, forest fragmentation, forest parcelization, and increased number of buildings and people on forestland) have significantly altered United States forests over the last half century.

Determinants — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Based on land use theory, empirical testing utilizes real world data to quantify model parameters and test for consistency with underlying hypothesized behavioral relationships.

Population — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

A key determinant in land use change is population growth, which affects the demand for land.

Personal Income — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Average family income (in real or inflation-adjusted dollars) increased by more than 150 percent from 1950 to 2000, giving individuals more income to spend.

Incomes from Rural Land Uses — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

More than 90 percent of land use changes on non-Federal lands in recent decades have been among rural land uses (USDA NRCS 2001): forests, crops, pasture, or range.

Projections — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Projections from different studies, (e.g., Resources Planning Act Assessments) are summarized next and compared where appropriate.

Chopping Tool Safety Guidelines — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

These guidelines are appropriate for chopping hand tools (e.g., axes, adzes, brush hooks, Pulaskis, etc.)

Developed Uses — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Urban and developed areas are projected to continue to grow substantially in line with the projected population increase of more than 120 million people over the next 50 years (Alig and others. 2004).

Forestland — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Total forestland area in the United States is projected to decrease on net by approximately 23 million acres, or 3 percent between 1997 and 2050 (Alig and others 2003).

Comparison of Land Use Projections — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

We compared land use projections from models by Lubowski and others (2006) and Hardie and others (2000).

Projections of Forest Fragmentation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Relatively few studies have projected forest fragmentation, especially at larger scales.

Housing Density — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Projections of housing density increases on forestland were made in the Forests on the Edge study discussed in section 1.

Risk and Policy Considerations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

A broad complement of research studies is consistent in projecting continued development of forests or increases in the housing density of remaining forests in the future, or both.

Government Policies — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Government policies that can contribute to development include Federal/State expansion of highways, income tax subsidy for home ownership, and extension of public utilities.

National Level — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

At a national level, the USDA (1983) is an example of a Federal agency with a major land use responsibility.

State and Local Levels — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

State and local governments use a variety of tools to protect farm land and forestlands as productive resource bases.

Risk, Hazard, and Land Use Change — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The focus of this conference is primarily on threats to ecosystems, and we discuss the role of land use change and housing growth in creating and amplifying threats to ecosystems.

Grubbing Tool Safety Guidelines — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

These guidelines are appropriate for grubbing hand tools (e.g., hoes, mattocks, picks, Pulaskis, combination tools, McLeods, etc.)

Research to Improve Analyses of Risk of Forestland Conversion: Expected Benefits and Costs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

At a national scale, the RPA Assessments have examined costs and benefits associated with land conversion for several decades, (e.g., Alig and others 2003, Nowak and Walton 2005, USDA Forest Service 1989).

Ecological Risk Assessment to Support Fuels Treatment Decisions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Risk is a combined statement of the probability that something of value will be damaged and some measure of the damage’s adverse effect.

Introduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Compared to not taking any action, fuel treatments may or may not reduce adverse ecological and environmental effects that accompany wildfires.

Risk Analysis Terminology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Risk terms can be a barrier to effective communications if not properly defined. Risk is a combined statement of the probability that something of value will be damaged and some measure of the damage's adverse effect.

Fuels Problem and Context — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The accumulation of fuels over time can lead to uncharacteristic wildfires and associated problems.

Decision Process — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The ultimate utility of decision analysis is not necessarily articulating the best policy option, but avoiding extreme events, such as large-scale, uncharacteristically severe wildfires.

Social Context — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Risk is a social construction, combining science and judgment with psychological, social, cultural, and political factors.

Improving the Fuels Problem — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The goal for improving the wildland fire and fuels problem is to reduce the long-term risk wildfire poses to human and ecological communities.

Spatial Scale Issues — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Wildland fire risk reduction is a national goal that depends on landscape-level planning and project-level actions.

The Firefighters Gear — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

Equipment that is worn to reduce risk of injury during wildland firefighting assignments.

Strategic Fuel Treatment — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Wildland-urban interface (WUI) areas are generally recognized as high priorities for fuels treatment.

Temporal Scale Issues — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

There is a lack of explicit guidance about how to consider changes in conditions that occur over the decades or even centuries required for ecological processes to play out on the landscape.

National Forest System Issues — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The buildup of forest fuel and changes in vegetation composition are particularly problematic on National Forest System lands.

Institutional Improvement — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Managing ecological risks depends on an integrated approach because risks arise from many sources- hydrologic, forest, rangeland, and aquatic as well as economic and social- and reducing risks from one source may increase risk to another ecological component.

EPA's Risk Assessment Framework — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Spurred by considerable political interest in the 1990s, a substantial body of literature exists on environmental and ecological risk analysis.

Fire/Fish Risk Management Application — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

To enable risk-reducing fuels treatment projects, managers need to take a problem-oriented approach to reducing fuels without causing irreparable harm to fish populations.

Problem Formulation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The first phase of ecological risk assessment is problem formulation, and a conceptual model is an essential part of the process.

Conceptual Model — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Risk cannot be managed unless it has been properly assessed, and some form of model provides the best assessment process.

Cause-and-effect Hypothesis — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

In the problem formulation phase of the EPA framework the objective of the analytical phase of the assessment is called the endpoint.

Conceptual Model Diagram — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The objective of fuel treatment is modification of fire behavior.

Fire Shelter — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

Temporary shelter designed to protect airway from superheated air and firefighter from receiving burns when wildland fire overtakes fire personnel.

Quantitative Application — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Sediment production can be quantitatively modeled using Forest Service Watershed Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) tools.

Uncertainty — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Any approach to integrating fire, fuels, and aquatic ecosystem management has inherent risks and uncertainties.

Summary: Risk Assessment for Managing Wildland Fire Effects on Ecosystems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

(Table: Data bases used) lists some ideas risk assessors and risk managers should consider when adapting the EPA (1998) framework and Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment for wildland fire risk management.

Economic Impacts of Hurricanes on Forest Owners — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

This section presents a conceptual model of the economic impacts of hurricanes on timber producers and consumers, offers a framework indicating how welfare impacts can be estimated using econometric estimates of timber price dynamics, and illustrates the advantages of using a welfare theoretic model, which includes: (1) welfare estimates that are consistent with neo-classical economic theory, and (2) wealth transfers among various market participants that can be evaluated.

Introduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

This section provides a description of the hurricane process in the United States in the context of economic impacts on forest land owners.

The Biophysical Risk Process of Atlantic Basin Hurricanes in the United States — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

This section provides a discussion of biophysical risk processes associated with timberland ownership in the Eastern and Southern States of the United States.

Timber Market Dynamics Following Hurricanes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

This section provides information on: (1) timber market shifts following natural disturbances, (2) resulting timber price movements through time, (3) welfare movements through time, and (4) salvage recovery values following natural disturbances.

Graphical Overview of Market Shifts — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Following a large hurricane (or any natural disaster), a timber market may undergo substantial changes in supply and demand.

Timber Price Movements through Time — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Timber prices following a hurricane proceed through three phases: (1) price depression, (2) price enhancement, and (3) the gradual return of timber prices to prestorm levels, as implied by the discussion of the graphical representation of the hurricane’s impact on a timber market.

Hearing Protection — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

Personal protection equipment designed to protect hearing.

Welfare Movements through Time — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

This section describes how timber damages, salvage, and price shifts result in effects on different segments of the timber market.

Salvage — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

This section describes how the value of salvage is calculated and some of the factors influencing the value recovered by salvaging timber.

Forest and Timber Impacts of Recent Hurricanes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The need for landowners and policy makers to plan for effects of increased hurricane activity is discussed in this section, and comparative information about damage levels of recent vs. older hurricanes is provided.

Management Implications — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The future of hurricane activity in the U.S., the implications of the existence of hurricane risk on land management strategies, with a focus on timber salvage, is discussed.

Research Needs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Our synthesis of the impacts of hurricanes on forest land owners concludes with a discussion of the research needed to further advance our understanding of these impacts and to identify alternative strategies for coping with these storms.

Assessing the Threat that Anthropogenic Calcium Depletion Poses to Forest Health and Productivity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Growing evidence from around the globe indicates that anthropogenic factors including pollution-induced acidification, associated aluminum mobility, and nitrogen saturation are disrupting natural nutrient cycles and depleting base cations from forest ecosystems.

Anthropogenic Cation Depletion — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Cations are naturally occurring, positively charged elements that are important constituents of soils and surface waters and play unique and critical roles in biological systems.

Pollutant Drivers — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Through industrial activity and the increased combustion of fossil fuels over the past century, humans have dramatically increased gaseous emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and ammonia (NH3) and particulate emissions of acidifying compounds (Driscoll and others 2001).

Evidence from the Field — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Long-term data of stream water chemistry at watersheds such as those at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, have documented changes consistent with the pollution-induced leaching of base cations from soils (Likens and others 1996, Likens and others 1998).

Fire Resistant Clothing — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

Outer clothing worn by firefighters to reduce risk of burns by fire.

Potential Contributions from Harvesting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

In addition to pollution-associated depletion, tree harvests have the potential to exacerbate cation depletion within forests if they contribute to net cations losses that exceed long-term inputs (Adams 1999, Federer and others 1989, , Huntington 2000, Mann and others 1988, Nykvist 2000).

Ca Depletion as a Biologically Unique Threat — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Paul G. Schaberg, Eric K. Miller, and Christopher Eagar

Ca Distribution and Physiology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

In contrast to many cations, Ca is highly compartmentalized within plant cells and tissues, and this partitioning is a defining characteristic of its physiological function.

Implications to Forest Health — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Given the fundamental role Ca plays in plant stress response systems, biological Ca depletion could create a scenario analogous to the suppression of animal immune systems (Schaberg and others 2001).

Experimental Evidence of Tree Health Impacts — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Although based on basic understandings of the distribution and physiology of Ca in plants, experimental evidence that Ca deficiencies could reduce stress tolerance in trees has only recently surfaced.

Mechanism of Red Spruce Winter Injury — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Red spruce winter injury is the reddening and mortality of the foliage in late winter followed by its abscission in late spring (DeHayes 1992).

Pertinence to other Tree Species and Stressors — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The bulk of experimental evidence elucidating the influence of Ca depletion on tree nutrition and stress response has involved winter freezing injury of red spruce.

Field Evidence of Influences on Tree Health — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Controlled experiments like the ones outlined above have provided valuable insights into the biological mechanism through which Ca depletion may influence tree physiology and health.

Winter Injury of Red Spruce — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The role that foliar winter injury has played in red spruce decline in Northeastern United States and adjacent Canada has been long understood (see DeHayes 1992).

Sugar Maple Decline — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) decline has been documented throughout parts of the Northeastern United States and Quebec over many recent decades (Allen and others 1992a, Kelley 1988, Mader and Thompson 1969, Wilmot and others 1995).

Chain Saw Protection Gear — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

Leg protection used while operating a chain saw

Anthracnose Damage to Flowering Dogwood — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Acidic deposition exposure significantly increases the susceptibility of flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) trees to injury by the fungal pathogen dogwood anthracnose (Discula destructive Redlin) (Anderson and others 1993, Britton and others 1996).

Emerging Examples in the United States and Europe — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

In addition to the well-established connections between Ca depletion and tree health outlined above, new associations between the Ca status and health of trees periodically emerge—particularly in regions that experience continued pollution-induced Ca leaching.

Limitations of Current Indicators of Ca Depletion — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Evidence from laboratory experiments and a growing number of field assessments indicate that anthropogenic Ca depletion may pose a unique threat to forest health and productivity.

Soils — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

As noted in section 1.2, direct evidence of cation depletion is limited to a few retrospective studies that were able to use archived soil samples and contemporary measurements of the exact field locations to determine changes in soil chemical properties (Bailey and others 2005, Lawrence and others 2005).

Vegetation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Ca deficiency thresholds for trees in native forests exist for some species with established nutritional vulnerabilities.

Lack of Historical Data — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

One-time measures of soil or plant Ca concentrations can provide useful information of the current status of a site, particularly if Ca concentrations are clearly aberrant relative to limited established standards.

Critical Loads as an Alternative Approach — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Paul G. Schaberg, Eric K. Miller, and Christopher Eagar

Description and Overview — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The critical load of a pollutant is classically defined as a quantitative estimate of an exposure to one or more pollutants below which significant harmful effects on specified sensitive elements of the environment do not occur according to present knowledge (Nilsson and Grennfelt 1998).

Examples from Europe and Canada — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

In 1984, a protocol to the UNECE 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution was established providing for long-term financing of the Cooperative Program for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-Range Transmission of Air-Pollutants in EUROPE (EMEP) (http://www.unece.org/env/lrtap/emep_h1.htm).

Application to New England — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

One approach for applying the concept of critical loads to assessing the sensitivity of forests to Ca depletion grew out of the work of the Conference of New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers (NEG/ECP).

An Operational Model for Assessing Risk of Oriental Bittersweet, an Invasive Exotic Vine, in the Southern Appalachians — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

Line Packs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

Pack used by firefighters to carry necessary supplies, equipment, and personal gear on the fireline for the assigned operational period.

Conference of New England Governors and Eastern Canadian Premiers — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Considering the unique vulnerability of Ca to leaching loss and its vital role in supporting tree stress response systems, the model focuses on how atmospherically deposited S and N act to produce changes in Ca pools that may influence forest health conditions.

Relationships to Forest Health — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The model-based nutrient deficiency metric appears to be a good predictor of independent, on-the-ground indicators of current forest health and productivity.

Development and Relevance of Future Models — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Initial results like those described for New Hampshire and Vermont indicate that models of critical loads and forest sensitivity show real promise in helping to empirically define the threat posed to forests in an integrated and spatially explicit manner.

Steady State versus Dynamic Models — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Steady-state models are most appropriate for regional studies because of their lower data requirements.

Policy Implications — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

First and foremost, modeling approaches such as those involving the estimation of steady state or dynamic critical loads could be of benefit to policy makers when evaluating the possible consequences of various pollution mitigation options as they relate to Ca cycling, forest health, and productivity.

Management Implications — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Results from modeling efforts may also inform resource managers regarding the need for possible intervention and protective strategies to reduce or mitigate the impacts of air pollution.

Worldwide Relevance — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Concerns about the influence of Ca depletion on forest health exist for industrialized regions around the world including Europe, Eastern North America, and increasingly China (Driscoll and others 2001, Duan and others 2000, Kirchner and Lydersen 1995, Likens and others 1996, Schulze 1989, Tao and Feng 2000).

Modeling Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Methodologies currently in use or those under development containing features for estimating fire occurrence risk assessment are described.

Introduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Methodologies are described here that may be useful for estimating fire occurrence risk assessment, including the probability of ignition and the spatial spread and intensity of the fire during its lifetime.

Binoculars — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

Used for a variey of observational purposes.

Fire Risk under Current Conditions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Many models are available to evaluate fire risk under current conditions, although the majority of these were designed for analysis in specific locations or under specific sets of conditions.

Fire Risk under Changing Vegetation or Climate — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Many models have been constructed with capabilities of projecting changes in vegetation composition over time and the way these changes alter fire risk.

Biophysical Fire Risk Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Biophysical fire risk models traditionally use regional characteristics of weather patterns (temperature, humidity, wind), vegetation (fuel type, moisture level), and topography (elevation, slope) to produce a prediction index of fire risk based on historical correlations among these variables and fire.

LANDFIRE — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

In response to a need for a national evaluation of the spatial distribution of fire risk, the USDA Forest Service developed a partnership with 4 other agencies to develop LANDFIRE to identify areas at risk due to accumulation of hazardous fuel.

LANDFIRE models — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

WXFIRE computes spatially explicit, climate-based biophysical variables at any landscape scale or resolution using daily weather data, topography, and soils parameters, and a diverse set of integrated environmental functions.

Wildfire Alternatives (WALTER) (FCS model) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The Wildfire Alternatives (WALTER; http://walter.arizona.edu/index.asp) system for estimating fire risk is being developed at the University of Arizona.

Expected Net Value Change — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

A model has been developed for calculating the expected net value change (ENVC) as the product of the probability of a fire at a specific location and the resulting change in financial or ecological value.

Probability-Based Fire Statistical Models — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

An illustration of the general approach shared by these types of models is the probability-based fire risk model, which estimates fire probability by fitting a nonparametric logistic regression to data grouped in cells of 1 sq. km. with a temporal resolution of one day.

Fire Behavior Modeling — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Fire behavior models predict the propagation of fire by assuming that the landscape is subdivided into cells, and each cell has a probability of burning that depends on conditions in the cell and in surrounding cells.

Models to Estimate Effect of Vegetation Change on Fire Risk — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Fire risk over long time periods cannot be adequately evaluated without projecting the ways that the structure and composition of forest vegetation and fuels will change over time.

Fire Weather Instrument Kit — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

Instruments that provide weather information to personnel on the fire line.

SIMPPLLE and MAGIS — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

SIMPPLLE (SIMulating Vegetative Patterns and Processes at Landscape scaLEs) is a stochastic non-spatial simulation model for projecting vegetative change over time in the presence of natural processes, either with or without management treatments.

Vegetation Disturbance Dynamics Tool — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Vegetation Disturbance Dynamics Tool (VDDT) (http://www.essa.com/downloads/vddt/) was developed to support the Interior Columbia River Basin Assessment.

Tool for Exploratory Landscape Scenario Analyses — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Tool for Exploratory Landscape Scenario Analyses (TELSA) (http://www.essa.com/downloads/telsa/index.htm) is a spatially explicit extension to VDDT that simulates forest succession, natural disturbances, and forest management activities.

Models to Estimate the Effect of Climate Change on Fire Risk — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Biophysical process models can be used to estimate the effect of vegetation change on fire risk.

Conclusions Concerning the Use of Fire Modeling Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Much effort has gone into creating a capability of predicting fires throughout the region, both in their likely location and frequency.

Modeling Invasive Plant, Insect, and Pathogen Species — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-17 10:08 AM

Probabilistic regional risk assessment methodologies were reviewed to identify the methods that are currently in use and are capable of estimating threats to ecosystems from fire and fuels, invasive species, and their interactions with stressors.

Introduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Invasive nonindigenous species are a serious and increasing threat to many ecosystems throughout the United States.

Head Lamp — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

Equipment designed to see in darkened conditions as well as be seen.

Stages of Invasion and Risk Assessment Frameworks — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

This section provides an overview of the stages of the invasion process, key factors that affect these stages, and different frameworks that can be used to assess risks due to invasive species.

Transport to the United States and within United States Regions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Most exotic plant species have been introduced to the United States intentionally, whereas most insects and pathogens have entered the United States unintentionally.

Existing National Invasive Management Programs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

A number of international, national, and regional efforts are underway to attempt to reduce the risks posed by invasive species.

Availability of Spatial Data — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Many kinds of regional data may be useful for developing regional probabilistic risk assessments, including land cover and land use data, transportation networks, (e.g., roads and trails), hydrography, climate, digital elevation models, etc.

Review of Selected Methodologies — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

This section reviews selected modeling approaches relevant to the goals listed above in the Introduction section.

Climatic and Ecological Niche Models — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The most common and readily applied approaches to predicting the risk of invasive species occupying sites across a large region rely on biogeographical distribution models.

GARP Niche Modeling Approach — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

In this family of approaches implemented in a software tool, the potential range of invasive species is predicted based on point data from the species native home range and spatial data including mean annual temperature, rainfall and elevation.

FHTET National Risk Mapping Approach — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

This approach is a family of related approaches to predict tree mortality risk due to an invasive insect or pathogen based on expert opinion, forest inventory data, and other GIS data.

Meentemeyer Sudden Oak Death Approach — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Meentemeyer and others (2004) used a rule-based function to predict spread of sudden oak death pathogen distributions in grid cells (30m by 30m) throughout California.

Nowak Host Range Approach — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

This approach predicts potential home range of an (invasive) insect or pathogen of trees by modeling the location of suitable host species based on forest inventory data.

Altimeter / Barometer — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

Altimeter/Barometer displayes elevation for navigation purposes.

USGS & NASA Invasive Species MODIS-Regression — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

In this approach, a logistic regression is developed to predict the suitability of each 1 km pixel as habitat for tamarisk throughout the conterminous United States.

Dark Invasive Species Spatial Autoregressive Approach — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

This approach uses spatial statistical analysis to predict the distribution of invasive and noninvasive alien plants throughout all bioregions in California.

Guo Support Vector Machine Approach — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

This method uses a type of machine learning algorithm called support vector machine (SVM) in a niche modeling approach to predict risk of occurrence of sudden oak death throughout California.

Discussion — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The issue of invasive species is large and complex because there are thousands of potential invasive species and constant movement of plants, plant material, pests and pathogens, in addition to established invasive species.

Methods to Assess Landscape-Scale Risk of Bark Beetle Infestation to Support Forest Management Decisions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The objective is to provide practitioners with suggestions on how to select appropriate methods for risk assessment of bark beetle infestations at the landscape scale in order to support their particular management decisions and to motivate researchers to refine novel risk assessment methods.

Introduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

A variety of risk assessment tools have been designed to help managers quantify expected losses from bark beetles, losses which can be quite severe.

Management Implications of Bark Beetle Infestations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

There are three main management strategies for major bark beetles in forestry: prevention, direct control, and salvage.

What is Risk Assessment in this Context? — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Risk can be defined as the likelihood of an undesirable outcome combined with the magnitude of impact.

Why Landscape-Scale Risk Assessment is Needed? — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Forest management decisions in the context of potential or existing bark beetle infestations require practical information in a timely manner.

Compass — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

A tool used to orient a map and aid navigation to a specific location.

Risk-Assessment Methods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

This section provides information and example applications for categorizing risk methods, susceptibility/risk rating systems, graph-based connectivity assessments, empirical outbreak projections, population modeling, and other risk-assessment methods.

Susceptibility/Risk-Rating Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Susceptibility and risk rating systems classify each stand or location in a landscape according to local characteristics, (e.g., forest age, distance to nearest attack).

Graph-Based Connectivity Assessment — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Examining the network of inter-connections between susceptible host patches can provide a broad perspective of landscape patterns.

Empirical Outbreak Projection — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The development of methods for modeling and analyzing spatially and temporally autocorrelated data such as the historic spread of a bark beetle outbreak across a heterogeneous landscape is a current and active area of research.

Population Modeling — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Population models capture outbreak dynamics by explicitly modeling demographic changes with processes of mortality, birth, dispersal, etc.

Other Risk-Assessment Methods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

It may be possible to interpret other methods for assessing landscape-scale risk of bark beetle outbreaks in the framework presented, such as spatial temporal statistical methods and field experiments.

Discussion — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

In this section, information is provided for use in selecting an appropriate method of risk assessment, a discussion is provided on model verification and validation, and future research needs in this area are discussed.

Selecting an Appropriate Method — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Some key aspects of a given problem can help guide the most appropriate choice of risk assessment method.

Model Verification and Validation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Verification is defined here as an assurance that the model is implemented as specified, and validation as an assurance of the appropriateness of the model for its intended use.

Future Research Needs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

New methods will be developed, and existing methods will be improved in the area of risk assessment.

Flagging — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

Tool used to identify route, hazard, or something needing special attention.

Conclusion — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

A common framework is presented within which methods to assess landscape-scale risk of bark beetle infestations can be classified.

Land — by atomcho — last modified 2008-11-17 09:57 AM

Review threats to land, including wildland loss and soil quality.

Air & Water — by atomcho — last modified 2008-11-23 05:47 PM

Examine threats created from air and water, including severe weather, air pollution, climate change, and flooding.

Fire — by atomcho — last modified 2008-11-23 05:54 PM

Explore threats of fire, including its severity, spread, and ignition sources.

Pests/Biota — by atomcho — last modified 2008-11-17 10:06 AM

Discover threats introduced by native and exotic pests and biota and their dispersion.

Global Positioning System (GPS) Receivers — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

Global positioning system (GPS) receivers are used for navigation around wildland fires.

Soil Quality — by atomcho — last modified 2008-11-14 02:13 PM

Explore effects of management and calcium depletion on soil quality.

Severe Weather — by atomcho — last modified 2008-11-23 05:49 PM

Explore vulnerability and economic impacts of severe weather, such as hurricanes.

Ignition — by atomcho — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

A research assessment of wildland arson is provided.

Signal Mirror — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

An aid to reduce travel time in the delivery and retrival of resources.

Severity & Spread — by atomcho — last modified 2008-11-23 05:09 PM

Explore the severity and spread of fire by way of models and risk analyses.

Post-Fire — by atomcho — last modified 2008-11-23 05:27 PM

Examine a post-fire model application case study.

Native — by atomcho — last modified 2008-11-17 09:56 AM

Explore impacts of native pests and biota with reviews of bark beetle infestations and causes and consequences of recalcitrant understory layers.

Exotic — by atomcho — last modified 2008-11-23 05:06 PM

Review the modeling and management of nonnative invasive species.

Dispersal — by atomcho — last modified 2008-11-14 01:45 PM

Discover our role in pest risk mapping.

Landowner Economics — by cmayfield — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

This section describes the forest biomass/bioenergy production benefits relevant to private forest landowners in the South.

A Methodology for Assessing Annual Risk of Southern Pine Beetle Outbreaks across the Southern Region Using Pheromone Traps — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

An operational system to forecast infestation trends (increasing, static, declining) and relative population levels (high, moderate, low) of the southern pine beetle (SPB), Dendroctonus frontalis, has been implemented in the Southern and Eastern United States.

Stereoscope — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

Instrument used with aerial photograph pairs to view landscape in three dimensions.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Forest managers and pest control specialists have long needed a reliable and practical early warning system to detect developing outbreaks of the southern pine beetle (SPB), Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), the most destructive forest pest of southern pine forests.

Materials and Methods — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Standardized procedures for conducting the annual SPB prediction survey involve placing from one to three multiple-funnel traps in pine forests within a county or national forest ranger district in early spring.

Results — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Subsections found in Results detail Actual SPB Infestation Levels, Overall Prediction Accuracy at the State Level, Accuracy of Predictions for Individual States, and Accuracy of Predictions at the State Level comparing results between years 1987-1998 to 1999-2005.

Actual SPB Infestation Levels: 1987 to 2005 — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Total numbers of SPB spots detected in 16 States in the Southeastern United States for the period 1987-2005 are shown.

Overall Prediction Accuracy at the State Level, Based on State Averages 1987-2005 — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Over the 19-year period (1987-2005), 245 State-level predictions of SPB infestation trend and population level were made by averaging the mean SPB per trap per day and percent SPB for all locations monitored within each State for each year of participation in the Southwide survey.

Accuracy of Predictions for Individual States, Based on State Averages: 1987 - 2005 — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Accuracy of SPB predictions at the State level for individual States for the period 1987-2005, determined by averaging data for all counties and ranger districts surveyed within the given State for a given year, is shown.

Accuracy of Predictions at the State Level: 1987-1998 versus 1999-2005 — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

We summarized State-level predictions for 12 States for the periods 1987-1998 and 1999-2005.

Discussion and Conclusions — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The South-wide SPB Prediction System has proven to be a practical and relatively reliable means to forecast SPB activity early in the season.

An Ecosystem at Risk: The Intersection of Human Impacts and Sagebrush in the Wyoming Basins — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

Brush Axe — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

An uncommon small single blade ax used to cut through small diameter material.

Previsual Detection of Two Conifer-Infesting Adelgid Species in North American Forests — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The balsam woolly adelgid, Adelges piceae, and hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Homoptera: Adelgidae), are invasive pests of coniferous forests in both the Eastern and Western United States.

Invasive Adelgids in North American Conifers — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Adelgids (Homoptera: Adelgidae) are small insects with piercing and sucking mouthparts.

Balsam Woolly Adelgid: Hosts and Biology — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Balsam woolly adelgid is native to the fir forests of central Europe and was introduced into the United States around 1900.

Hemlock Woolly Adelgid: Hosts and Biology — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Hemlock woolly adelgid is native to Asia and was first reported in the Pacific Northwest in the 1920s.

Conifer Resistance to Insect Attack — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

There are several hypotheses regarding plant resistance to insect attack that involve the production and allocation of resources within the plant as they relate to the plant's resistance mechanisms.

Generalized Response Sequence — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Conifer resistance to stem-invading insects has received much attention and involves a generalized, three-step sequence of wound cleansing, infection containment, and wound healing.

Importance of Previsual Detection — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Minimizing the elapsed time between when a tree becomes infested with an insect and when that infestation is detected can increase the treatment options available to forest managers.

Spectral Data — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Both the spatial resolution, (i.e., pixel size) and spectral resolution (the width of the individual spectral wavebands over which plant response is measured) of spectral data, as well as the overall wavelength range examined (some sensors operate through the middle infrared region, some do not), can influence the ability to detect infested trees.

Prior Attempts to Use Spectral Imagery to Detect or Delineate Adelgid Infestations — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

There have been several prior studies related to the detection and classification of trees infested with invasive adelgids.

Comparison of Hyperspectral Data for the Previsual Detection of Balsam Woolly Adelgid and Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Infestations — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Our studies have used hyperspectral data collected at the branch level.

Bush Hook — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

Designed to clear dense brush through a "pulling" stroke.

Implications for Detection and Delineation of Forest Insect Infestations — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The branch-level spectral data for both tree species infested with their specific invasive adelgids were both consistent and in general agreement with the shoot-level spectral changes of balsam fir under various stresses that were measured under laboratory conditions.

Evaluating the Impact of Invasive Species in Forest Landscapes: the Southern Pine Beetle and the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis (Zimmerman) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) (SPB) is an indigenous invasive species that infests and causes mortality to pines (Pinus spp.) throughout the Southern United States.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

In 2003, 5 general areas were identified as concerns to healthy forests in the United States—wildfires, non-native invasive insects and pathogens, invasive plant species, outbreaks of native insects, and changing ecological processes.

Background — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

SPB and HWA are two very different forest-damaging insects that inhabit host tree species, which exploit opposite ends of the moisture gradient found in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, although they occasionally occur together at either end of their natural range.

Southern Pine Beetle Case — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

In the Southern Appalachian Mountains, xeric slopes and ridges have historically been dominated by yellow pines (Pinus spp.).

Hemlock Wooly Adelgid Case — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana) appear in mesic flats, draws, ravines, coves, and canyons of the Southern Appalachian Mountains.

Methods — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 02:22 PM

This section describes the study area, model, and simulation methods.

Council Rake — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

Rake used in light brush, duff, and small roots.

Results and Discussion — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Southern Pine Beetle and Hemlock Woolly Adelgid study results are summarized and discussed in the following sections.

SPB — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Our first goal in this study was to investigate the role of fire and SPB in xeric Southern Appalachian landscapes.

Hemlock Woolly Adelgid — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Our second goal was to investigate the impacts of HWA on species composition in the Southern Appalachian Mountains.

Discussion — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Through this study, we have demonstrated that different forest pests in different ecological regions, within the same geographic bounds, require different management strategies.

Directions for Future Research — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Recently, LANDIS II has been released.

Estimating the Susceptibility to Phytophthora alni Globally Using Both Statistical Analyses and Expert Knowledge — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Phytophthora alni is a recently hybridized soil and waterborne pathogen causing root and collar rot of species of the genus Alnus (alder).

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Phytophthora alni is a host-specific, highly aggressive soil and waterborne pathogen, which causes root and collar rot of Alnus (alder) species.

Double Bit Axe — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

An effective chopping tool uncommon for fire operations.

Methods — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Between the spring of 2003 and the winter of 2006, a total of 307 P. alni infested and 127 healthy/noninfested alder tree locations were sampled in forested areas in Bavaria.

Results — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Seven terminal end nodes were used and accounted for 78.34 percent of the variability.

Discussion — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The original Bavarian classification tree identified five ecological factors important in the distribution of P. alni. Where these factors occur together in the environment, the likelihood of infection is increased.

Using Historical Photography to Monitor and Assess Threats over Time — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Analysis of aerial photography is perhaps the best way to assess changes in landcover conditions.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Remote sensing—aerial photography in particular—provides perhaps the best means to assess landcover changes over time.

Why Photography? — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Aerial photography, like all remote sensing technologies, has advantages and disadvantages compared with other remote sensing tools.

Why Not Photography? — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Photography has its weaknesses, too.

Tools for Getting Historical Photos in GIS — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

There is a fortunate convergence of technologies that makes it easier than ever to get historical photography into our GIS.

Fire Rake — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

Rake used to remove light combustible materials from fire line.

Analysis Options — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Once the multiple dates of photography have been orthocorrected, there are few limits to analysis options.

Examples — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 02:27 PM

Following are two brief examples of using historical photography to detect and document changing conditions over time.

Resources — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

This section discusses where to find old photos and lists additional resources.

Council Fire Swatter Flap — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

Used to swat and smother fire in light fuels.

Air Pollution Increases Forest Susceptibility to Wildfires: a Case Study for the San Bernardino Mountains in Southern California — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Many factors increase susceptibility of forests to wildfire.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Many factors combine to increase forest susceptibility to wildfire in southern California, and most of these were set in motion decades ago.

Effects of Periodic Drought — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Although there is an increase in evapotranspiration from west to east, weather that results in precipitation in the San Bernardino Mountains is generally a regional phenomenon.

Susceptibility to Successful Bark Beetle Attack — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Air pollution exposure (O3 and N deposition) increases tree susceptibility to drought stress, and drought stress increases tree susceptibility to successful beetle attack.

Conclusions — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The role of air pollutants in increasing tree susceptibility to drought, successful bark beetle attack, tree mortality, and the susceptibility of forests to wildfire have not been studied extensively.

Assessing Insect-Induced Tree Mortality across Large Areas with High-Resolution Aerial Photography in a Multistage Sample — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

In recent years, unprecedented tree mortality has occurred throughout the national forests due to insect infestations and disease outbreaks.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Over the past century, stand density and fuel loading have increased in forests and rangelands throughout the United States, leading to a general decline in ecosystem health.

Assessing Piñon Pine Mortality — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Beginning around 2002, extensive piñon pine (especially Pinus edulis and P. monophylla) mortality appeared throughout the Western United States.

Firefighting Broom — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

Broom designed for beating out small flames and removing light fuels from fire line.

Methods — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

A multistage sample design was developed and evaluated in a study area located west of Flagstaff, AZ, in and around the Williams Ranger District of the Kaibab National Forest.

Results and Discussion — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Estimates calculated for the entire piñon/juniper region of the study area (across strata) showed that dead tree canopies occupied 7 ±0.3 percent of the total area as viewed from aerial imagery.

Conclusions — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Forests and rangelands throughout the United States are at risk of severe insect and disease outbreaks and catastrophic wildfires.

Digital Aerial Sketchmapping and Downlink Communications: A New Tool for Fire Managers — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Aerial sketchmapping is the geolocating of features that are seen on the ground below an aircraft and the subsequent recording of those features.

Introduction - Aerial Sketchmapping — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Aerial sketchmapping for Forest Health Protection has been conducted since the 1940s.

D-ASM Mapping Software — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

With this software, feature type keys (point, line, and polygon) are used to display the aircraft&#8217;s position on the on-screen map, and a user-defined keypad is used to attribute features.

D-ASM Mapping Hardware — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Two computing options have been tested and are in use in Forest Service sketchmapping systems: a two-screen laptop-based system with a separate touchscreen, and a pen-tablet sketchmapping table.

RIPCom Background — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

RSAC has been working with NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) on adapting technology NASA has developed for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) to Forest Service applications.

Flight Tests — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Initial flight-testing of the RIPCom system took place near Boise, Idaho, the week of April 14-19, 2003.

Firefighting Shovel — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

A verstile tool with a long history in wildland firefighting.

RIPCom 2 — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The April 2003 flight tests were an unqualified success based on the National Infrared Operations (NIROPS) requirement for long-range broadband real-time transmission of high-resolution imagery acceptable by the Infrared Interpreter (IRIN).

Summary — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

By integrating two successful technologies, the Forest Service is working to create a new tool that will allow fire managers to relay critical fire information to dispersed field units in real time.

Modeling Potential Movements of the Emerald Ash Borer: the Model Framework — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The emerald ash borer (EAB, Agrilus planipennis) is threatening to decimate native ashes (Fraxinus sp.) across North America and, so far, has devastated ash populations across sections of Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and Ontario.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), poses a serious threat to all ash trees in North America.

Methods — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

This section outlines the methods used to formulate this EAB case study.

Distribution of Ash — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Fraxinus (ash) is the only genus that EAB has attacked in North America.

Mapping Estimated EAB Spread, 1998-2005 — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

To model potential future spread and assess observed spread rates, a preliminary map of historical spread was created.

Modeling Spread in Ohio — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Most of the data collected in the preceding sections was a prerequisite for efforts to model the spread of the EAB.

Firing Devices (Fusees, Drip Torches) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

Used for burning fuel between fire and control line as a suppression tactic. Also used in prescribed burning to accomplish several objectives.

Results and Discussion — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

This project is a work in progress and consequently results presented in Distribution of Ash and Mapping Estimated EAB Spread, 1998-2005 could change pending new data or analysis or both.

Distribution of Ash — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Analysis of the distribution of ash at two scales showed two facts: there is a lot of ash available to the insect, and it is distributed throughout the Eastern United States.

Mapping Estimated EAB Spread, 1998-2005 — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The map of estimated EAB front locations was required for two reasons: (1) to create a baseline from which our spread modeling will commence; and (2) to estimate the average historic rate of spread that will help calibrate the model.

Modeling Spread in Ohio — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

We present a modeling framework that considers both the insect- and the human-controlled dispersal mechanisms.

Conclusions — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The results on assessment of the ash resource, estimates of past spread of EAB, and preliminary efforts to create a model of spread present several conclusions.

Case Studies — by atomcho — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Case studies pending review by authors

Hazel Hoe — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

Hoe with 6-inch blade designed for grubbing.

Integrating Natural Disturbances and Management Activities to Examine Risks and Opportunities in the Central Oregon Landscape Analysis — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

We used state and transition models to integrate natural disturbances and management activities for a 275,000-ha landscape in the central Oregon Cascades. The landscape consists of a diverse mix of land ownerships, land use allocations, and environments.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Management of diverse landscapes in the interior Pacific Northwest requires consideration of the integrated effects of natural disturbances and management activities on natural resource conditions.

Study Area — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

The study area consisted of about 276,000 ha in 7 watersheds in the southern portion of the upper Deschutes subbasin.

Methods — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

We developed 337 combinations of vegetation structure classes and cover type to represent existing and potential future vegetation conditions.

Forest Growth and Management Treatments — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

Our models include a set of assumptions and definitions that form the basis of transition rates and directions.

Wildfire — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

We used wildfire probabilities for historical or reference conditions from the interagency LANDFIRE effort.

Management Scenarios — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:10 AM

In 2005, we held meetings in Bend and Klamath Falls, Oregon, to develop a set of management scenarios.

Results and Discussion — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Multistory large and very large tree forests declined over the 200-year simulation period under scenario one due to a combination of wildfire and insect outbreaks.

Variability — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Results for several important landscape characteristics were highly variable over 30 Monte Carlo simulations in our study area.

Conclusions — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Our model results may indicate some interesting landscape hypotheses in this and similar areas.

Development of Potential Vegetation Model to Assess Threats to Forest Health — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

McLeod Rake — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

Rake with large strong teeth and wide hoe blade for ease of removing duff, and needle, leaf, and bark litter.

Modeling Current Climate Conditions for Forest Pest Risk Assessment — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 01:55 PM

Forest pest risk assessments detail the nature and severity of threats posed to particular forest species and ecosystems by insects, pathogens, or other organisms.

Importance and Availability of Climate Information — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Forest pest risk maps are typically assembled by combining spatial data from three principal subject areas: host species distribution, pathways of pest movement, and key environmental factors.

Phytophthora ramorum — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Phytophthora ramorum was first recognized in the U.S. in 1994 and was likely introduced via international trade of commercial plants.

Methods — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

We downloaded 5 years (2000-2004) of daily surface data from the NCDC online climate data clearinghouse. The downloaded data included dozens of climate variables recorded for more than 19,000 stations nationwide.

Gradient Plus Inverse Distance Squared Interpolation — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

We interpolated gridded maps of the conterminous United States for both the total-day and consecutive-day variables using a gradient plus inverse distance squared (GIDS) approach.

Evaluation — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

For comparison to the GIDS-derived total-day and consecutive-day count maps, we created gridded maps for 2000-2004 using two spatial interpolation methods available through the ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst extension.

Pulaski — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

A dual purpose tool used for grubbing and chopping.

Results — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

In terms of cross-validation errors, the three spatial interpolation methods performed similarly for both the total-day and consecutive-day count variables

Discussion — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Four main points of emphasis emerge from the results.

A Multicriteria Framework for Producing Local, Regional, and National Insect and Disease Risk Maps — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 01:57 PM

Ensuring the health of America’s forests requires the analysis, understanding, and management of complex and interrelated natural resources.

The Assessment Framework — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 01:57 PM

This section expands on the concepts of defining risk, the National Risk Assessment Framework, and modeling at multiple scales and resolutions.

A Conceptual Overview of a National Risk Assessment Framework — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Risk assessment framework provides a conceptual overview of the risk-assessment process discussed.

A GIS-Based Multicriteria National Risk Assessment Framework: a Five-Step Process — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The risk assessment framework used to construct NIDRM is best explained using a hypothetical example.

Modeling at Multiple Scales/Resolutions — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Once a model has been constructed in ESRI ArcView 3.x Spatial Analyst 2.x ModelBuilder, models can be rerun at multiple scales.

Single Bit Axe — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

An effective chopping tool used mainly be fallers for applying wedges.

Discussion/ Conclusions — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The 2006 national risk assessment employed 186 risk-agent models representing over 50 risk agents acting on 61 tree species or species groups, with all models assembled into a national composite.

Uncertainty Estimation for Map-Based Analyses — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Traditionally, natural resource managers have asked the question, “How much?” and have received sample-based estimates of resource totals or means. Increasingly, however, the same managers are now asking the additional question, “Where?” and are expecting spatially explicit answers in the form of maps.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The emerald ash borer is a wood-boring beetle native to Asia that was initially discovered in the United States in June 2002.

Methods — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Although the motivating problem for the study was to calculate an estimate of the total number of ash trees in a region of southeastern Michigan that is susceptible to infestation by the emerald ash borer, the technical objective was to estimate the uncertainty of the estimate of the total.

Data — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The study area is wholly contained in Landsat scene path 20, row 30, for which three dates of Landsat TM/ETM+ imagery were obtained: May 2002, July 2003, and October 2000.

Areal Estimation — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The estimate for a region was calculated in three steps.

Forest/Nonforest Layer — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Because satellite image pixels with different ground covers often have similar spectral signatures, assignment of classes to individual pixels is often probability based.

Ash Tree Distribution Layer — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Because the ash tree distribution layer was for forest land, only data for the 1,953 FIA forest subplots were used in its construction.

Fuel Bottles — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

Portable bottles used by hand crews building line in remote locations.

Uncertainty Estimation — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-22 10:32 AM

Uncertainty in the areal estimate is due to contributions from four sources.

Results — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The results illustrated in dramatic fashion that the source of uncertainty making the greatest contribution to the uncertainties in estimates of totals was spatial correlation in the forest/non-forest maps.

Conclusions — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Three conclusions may be drawn from this study.

Assessing Risks to Multiple Resources Affected by Wildfire and Forest Management Using an Integrated Probabilistic Framework — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The tradeoffs that surround forest management are inherently complex, often involving multiple temporal and spatial scales.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Forest management decisions are often difficult because ecosystems are inherently complex, and the system’s response to management is uncertain.

Study Area — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

We selected a 3000-km2 area located in the Klamath Mountains of northwestern California centered on the town of Hayfork.

The CRAFT Process — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The CRAFT planning process leads managers through four-stages involving: (1) objective setting and problem conceptualization, (2) alternatives design, (3) probabilistic modeling of effects, and (4) synthesis.

Specifying and Structuring Objectives — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

A critical first step in CRAFT is to fully understand the problems at hand.

Conceptualizing Cause and Effect — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Following the identification of measurable objectives in CRAFT, cause-and-effect models are developed that identify the factors that are known to influence relevant lower level objectives of concern.

Hand Tool Safety Guidelines — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Effects Modeling — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

A formal effects model results from careful restructuring of lower level objectives and the conceptual model.

Summary — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The simple effects model shown here demonstrates how an important driver of forest outcomes—namely fire behavior—can be modeled in terms of conditional probability.

Moderate Resolution Data and Gradient Nearest Neighbor Imputation for Regional-National Risk Assessment — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

This study was designed to test the feasibility of combining a method designed to populate pixels with inventory plot data at the 30-m scale with a new national predictor dataset.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

A great wealth of resources has been expended to inventory our Nation’s forests, and an equally substantial amount of effort has gone into acquiring remotely sensed data.

Existing Methods for Regional-National Vegetation Mapping and Risk Assessment — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

In recent years, many regions within the USDA Forest Service have implemented midlevel classification and mapping programs to provide thematic maps of existing vegetation for a wide variety of analysis applications.

Study Objectives — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Our primary objective was to quantify the difference in GNN model performance using the lower spatial resolution predictors.

Methods — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Subsections found in Methods include synopses of the study area, vegetation and moderate resolution predictor data, satellite imagery, and biophysical environment data.

The Study Area — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Three western regions covering temperate steppe, coastal forest, and Mediterranean ecosystems were mapped using GNN imputation for a Joint Fire Sciences Program study.

10 Standard Fire Orders for Wildland Firefighters — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Moderate Resolution Predictor Data — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 01:58 PM

Beginning in 2003, RSAC, in cooperation with the FIA remote sensing band, developed a national predictors database to support FIA national mapping efforts.

The Gradient Nearest Neighbor (GNN) Method of Predictive Vegetation Mapping — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Imputation is a process in which values are assigned to unmeasured locations from either measured values or a statistical summary of a few selected measured values such as a mean.

Model Evaluation and Accuracy Assessment — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

To evaluate the results of the 30-m study compared with the 250-m study results, two primary approaches were used.

Results — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 02:00 PM

Analysis results of Gradients in Species Composition, Species Mapping Performance and Structure Mapping Performance of GNN.

18 Watch Out Situations for Wildland Firefighters — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Discussion- Accuracy of GNN Vegetation Maps — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 02:00 PM

For the Washington and California study sites, species distributions were modeled equally well with the 250-m data and the 30-m data.

Risk Analysis and Guidelines for Harvest Activities in Wisconsin Oak Timberlands to Minimize Oak Wilt Threat — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Oaks (Quercus spp.) are an important species group in the forests of Wisconsin.

Introduction — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 02:02 PM

This section provides an introduction to oak forests of Wisconsin, oak wilt and the need for statewide guidelines.

Risk Assessment — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 02:03 PM

Our risk analysis includes: (1) the assessment of risk posed by the oak wilt pathogen to oak timberland scheduled for harvest and regeneration to oak, and (2) recommendations for minimizing frequency of pathogen introduction to and spread within such stands.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Timber Harvesting Guidelines/Risk Analysis Results — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

Timber harvest guidelines and risk analysis results are discussed.

Risk Analysis Results — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 02:07 PM

The combined risk ratings for Criterion 1 are shown.

Timber Harvest Guidelines/Risk Analysis and Guidelines — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 02:08 PM

Three different formats of the risk analysis results and the harvest guidelines were developed for end users.

Discussion — by mhowell — last modified 2008-11-14 11:11 AM

The rule-based, expert-driven model used in an exotic pest risk analysis context was adapted for use in assessing risk of oak wilt introduction to and potential for subsequent spread within oak timberland based on spatial, temporal, and site factors.

Heavy Equipment Used in Fire Suppression — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

The Incident Command System — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

SE Modeling Forest Fire Probabilities in the South Central United States Using FIA Data — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

Recruiting a Fire Crew — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Acquiring Mechanical Resources — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Fuels, Weather, and Fire Behavior-Overview — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Fuels of Southern Wildlands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Fire Behavior — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Fire Weather — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Temperature — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Atmospheric Moisture — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Atmospheric Stability — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

General Winds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Development of the Armillaria Response Tool for Evaluating Fuels Treatments — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

Convective Winds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Air Masses and Fronts — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Clouds and Precipitation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Thunderstorms — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Fire Climate Regions Index — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Sources of Weather Information for Prescribed Burns — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Topographical Features of North America — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Maritime Influences in North America — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Pressure and General Circulation Patterns in North America — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Temperature Variations in North America — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Integrated Analysis for Management of Fire and Fuels, Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecological Processes, and Conservation of Sensitive Aquatic Species — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

Precipitation Patterns in North America — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Fire Climate Regions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Southeastern States — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Central States — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

North Atlantic — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Great Lakes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Great Plains — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Southern Rocky Mountains — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Northern Rocky Mountains — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Great Basin — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Threats, Status and Management Options for Bristlecone and Limber Pine Ecosystems of the Southern Rockies — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

Southwest — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

South Pacific Coast — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

North Pacific Coast — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Interior Alaska and the Yukon — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Central and Northwest Canada — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Sub-Arctic and Tundra — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Mexican Central Plateau — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Conditions Necessary for Thunderstorm Development — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Life Cycle of a Thunderstorm Cell — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Types of Thunderstorms — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Detection and Eradication of Giant Asian Dodder (Cuscuta japonica Choisy), a Parasitic Invasive Plant — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

Lightning — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Tornadoes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Saturation Processes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Condensation, Sublimation, and Precipitation Processes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Kinds of Precipitation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Kinds of Clouds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Measuring Precipitation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Artificial Nucleation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Formation and Modification of Air Masses — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Air-Mass Weather — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Encyclopedia of Southern Fire Science — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2022-03-30 02:01 PM

The Encyclopedia of Southern Fire Science contains seven major sections: Fuels, Weather, and Fire Behavior; Fire Effects; Fire Ecology; Fire and People; Prescribed Fire; Smoke Management; and Wildfire.

Hemlock Wooly Adelgid Risk Assessment at Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

Fronts — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Cold Fronts — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Warm Fronts — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Stationary Fronts — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Frontal Waves and Occlusions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Land and Sea Breezes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Slope and Valley Winds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Whirlwinds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Thunderstorm Winds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Firewhirls — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Modeling Contemporary Climate Profiles and Predicting their Response to Global Warming for Biotic Communities in Western United States — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

Slope Winds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Valley Winds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Effects of Orientation and Vegetation on Slope and Valley Winds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Interaction of Slope and Valley Winds With General Winds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Downslope Afternoon Winds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Gulf and Atlantic Breezes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Pacific Coast Sea Breeze — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Laminar Flow — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Mechanical and Thermal Turbulence — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Frontal Winds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Modeling Bark Beetle Pressure for Pine Forests of Mexico — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

Effects of Mountain Topography on Surface Winds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Winds Aloft — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Measuring General Winds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Mountain Waves — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Foehn Winds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Effects of Vegetation on Surface Winds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Determining Atmospheric Stability — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Lifting Processes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Diurnal and Seasonal Variations in Stability — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Local Indicators of Stability — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Biogeochemical and Hydrologic Changes During the Incipient Stage of Mountain Pine Beetle Outbreak in Managed and Unmanaged Subalpine Watersheds at the Fraser Experimental Forest — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

Subsidence — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Sources of Atmospheric Moisture — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Evaporation and Vapor Pressure — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Dew Point — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Absolute Humidity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Relative Humidity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Measuring Humidity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Variations in Relative Humidity Near the Ground — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Variations in Relative Humidity With Height — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Temperature, Heat, and the Atmosphere — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Monitoring and Forecasting Mountain Pine Beetle Outbreaks in High-Elevation Whitebark Pine Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

Horizontal Variations in Surface Air Temperatures — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Seasonal and Diurnal Variations in Air Temperature — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Lapse Rate and Inversions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Night Inversions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Marine Inversions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Effects of Vegetation on Surface Temperatures — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Radiation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Combustion and Heat Transfer — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Fire Spread — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Fire Growth — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Ecology and Spatial Risk Assessment of the Douglas-Fir Beetle — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

Extreme Fire Behavior — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Flame Characteristics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Fire Behavior Prediction Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Fire Danger Rating Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

History of the National Fire Danger Rating System — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Limitations of Fire Behavior Models — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

BEHAVE Plus Fire Modeling System — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

FARSITE — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Fuel Models — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Grass Fuel Models — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Forested Ecosystems and Interacting Stressors: Management of Unintended Consequences — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

Shrub Fuel Models — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Timber Fuel Models — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Logging Slash Fuel Models — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

FBPS Fuel Models — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

NFDRS Fuel Models — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Fuelbed Characteristic Classification System — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Flame Height — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Flame Length — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Flame Depth — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Flame Angle or Tilt — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

A Weed Manager’s Guide to Remote Sensing and GIS — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

Bark Char Height — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Fire Whirls — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Fires and Plumes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Haines Index — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Modeling Smoke Transport and Dispersion — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Background of Plume Model Development — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Vortex Phenomena — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Fire Shape — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Rate of Spread — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Ground Fires — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Spruce Aphid Defoliation of Coastal Alaska Sitka Spruce — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

Surface Fires — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Crown Fires — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Spotting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

The Fire Triangle and Combustion — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Phases of Combustion — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Heat Transfer — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Fire Intensity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Fireline Intensity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Weather Effects on Fire Intensity and Rates of Spread — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Effects of Topography on Fire Intensity and Rate of Spread — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

McNallyPost Fire Discharge and the Relationship of Sierra Nevada Wide Flood Frequency Curves and Local Kern River Discharge Curves — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

Effects of Fuels on Fire Intensity and Rate of Spread — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Heat Release Rates under Different Fuel and Weather Conditions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Relationship Between Flame Length and Fireline Intensity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Estimating Scorch Height from Fireline Intensity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Calculating Temperature from Fireline Intensity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Conduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Convection — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Radiation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Pre-ignition — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Flaming Combustion — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Encyclopedia of Forest Environmental Threats — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:53 AM

Learn more about the Encyclopedia of Forest Environmental Threats, what topical areas it addresses, and its future development.

An Ophiostoma Species and Xyleborus glabratus Threaten Red Bay and Other Members of the Lauraceae in the Southeastern Us — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:26 AM

 

Smoldering Combustion — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Glowing Combustion — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Flame Chemistry — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Ignition Sources — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Natural Ignition Sources — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Anthropogenic Ignition Sources — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Fuel Categories — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Physical Fuel Properties — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Chemical Fuel Properties — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Fuel Moisture — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Redefining Critical Load Limits in United States Ecosystems to Include Multiple Environmental Stresses: Implications and Solutions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:26 AM

 

Fuel Availability and Consumption — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Flammability of Southern Plant Species — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Definition of Flammability — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Particle Flammability — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Branch- and Plant-level Flammability — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

External Factors Affecting Plant Flammability — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Comparing Flammability of Southern Plants — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Fuel Consumption Models — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Factors Regulating Moisture Content of Live Fuels — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

Factors Regulating the Moisture Content of Dead Fuels — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:58 AM

 

The Increasing Threat of Highway-Caused Wildlife Mortality and Barrier Impacts on US Public Lands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:26 AM

 

Ecological Impacts — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Regeneration — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Organic Matter — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Structure — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fuel Inventory — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fuel Hazard Classification — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Available Fuel — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fule Size, Compactness, Makeup — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Risk Assessment — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Measuring Fuel Loads — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Economic Impacts — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fire Control and Suppression — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fire Detection — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Impacts on Human Health — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Mitigation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Restoration and Rehabilitation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Wildfire Statistics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fire Causes in Arkansas from 1999-2003 — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Risk Reduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Fire Causes in Alabama from 1999-2003 — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fire Causes in Florida from 1999-2003 — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fire Causes in Georgia from 1999-2003 — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fire Causes in Kentucky from 1999-2003 — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fire Causes in Mississippi from 1999-2003 — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fire Causes in Louisiana from 1999-2003 — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fire Causes in North Carolina from 1999-2003. — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fire Causes in Oklahoma from 1999-2003 — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fire Causes in South Carolina from 1999-2003 — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fire Causes in Tennessee from 1999-2003 — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fire Prevention — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Fire Causes in Texas from 1999-2003 — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Fire Causes in Virginia from 1999-2003 — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

South Carolina Wildfire Facts — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:06 AM

 

Ground Control Equipment — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Aerial Control Equipment — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Chemical Fire Retardants — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Federal Fire Education Programs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

State Fire Education Programs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Interagency Fire Education Programs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Risk Reduction Programs and Standards — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

National standards for creating low fire risk conditions in the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) have primarily come through the NFPA and Firewise Communities Program. Those standards are then implemented through various state or local programs that promote

Private Fire Education Programs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Effects of Fire Education — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Methods of Fire Education — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Obstacles to Implementing Fire Education Programs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Fire Ecology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

This section of the encyclopedia summarizes the fire ecology and management of fire adapted communities in the South.

Fire Effects — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

This sections describes effects of fire on air, soil, vegetation, water, and wildlife.

Forest Health — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

The ability of the southern Appalachian region to provide extensive and diverse resource values is seriously compromised by unhealthy forest conditions. Forest health affects not only those resources directly (e.g., timber quality, scenic vistas), but jeo

Forest Insects — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Southern Appalachian trees serve as hosts for a variety of insects. Recently introduced insects from Europe and Asia have threatened the survival of several tree populations due to their lack of natural endemic controls.

Hazardous Fuel Reduction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

Fuel management modifies the hazard posed by vegetation and structures by: reducing the available fuel (dead and living) in broad areas through prescribed fires or other methods; creating defensible space by converting the vegetation to a less-flammable type and distribution that is less hazardous

Nonnative Invasive Species — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Nonnative invasive species, also called invasive exotic species or biopollutants, are an important threat to forest health in the southern Appalachians. Nation wide, as many as 50,000 nonnative species are estimated to have been introduced, and of these,

Old Fire and People Content — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Prescribed Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

This section of the encyclopedia summarizes the history of prescribed burning, uses of prescribed burning, methods for burning, public relations, and state and federal regulations governing prescribed burning.

Southern Pine Beetle — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

The southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann) is one of pine's most destructive insect enemies in the Southern United States, Mexico, and Central America.

p2854 — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Planning and Conducting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Economic Costs and Benefits — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

State Regulations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Public Relations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Uses of Prescribed Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Postfire Rehabilitation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Training and Certification — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

A History of Fire and People in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Effects of Wildfire on Cultural Resources — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Fire in the Wildland Urban Interface — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Human Health Impacts of Forest Fires — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

A review of pulmonary medicine, epidemiology, public health, clinical and animal toxicology, sociology, and anthropology to assess the human health impacts of forest fires.

Occupational Exposures — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Health Care Measures — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Human Health and Air Quality — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Human Health and Water Quality — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Human Health Costs and Prescribed Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Deciding What Areas to Treat — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Injuries and Fatalities — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Limitations of Research on Health Effects of Fires — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Psychosocial Issues Associated with Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Variable Effects of Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Communities and the Psychology of Fire — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Heart and Lung Conditions Associated with Biomass Smoke — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Visibility on Roadways — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Psychological Issues Associated with Wildland Firefighting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Injuries and Deaths Among Firefighters — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Exposure of Firefighters to Air Pollutants — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Monitoring Treatments — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Native American Use of Fire in Prehistory (12,500 BCE to AD 1540s) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Human Use of Fire in History (1540s to early 1900s) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Ethnohistorical Descriptions of Indian Burning Practices — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

The Period of Fire Suppression and Other Fire Regimes (1890s to 1940s) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Fire Management (1940s to Present) — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Research Issues in History of Fire and People — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Invasive Species Control — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Four basic strategies are available for solving exotic species problems: prevention, eradication, suppression, and biological control.

Nonnative Invasive Insects and Pathogens — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Non-native insect and pathogen species are also threaten forest health in the southern Appalachians.

Nonnative Invasive Plants — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Exotic plant species have been introduced into the southern Appalachians since the beginning of European settlement of the region. Many of these introductions have posed no problems, remaining essentially within the boundaries of human cultivation. Some,

Japanese Honeysuckle — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Japanese honeysuckle, Lonicera japonica, was introduced to the United States for erosion control before 1860. Most honeysuckle occurs in the Piedmont, where it is found in greatest abundance is in abandoned cropland, or rolling uplands with loamy, well-dr

Treatment Options And Known Effectiveness — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Hardwood Insects — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

This page provides links to Forest Health Protection's ( USDA Forest Service) Insects and Diseases of Trees in the South dealing with insects found in hardwood forests.

Conifer Insects — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

This page provides links to Forest Health Protection's ( USDA Forest Service) Insects and Diseases of Trees in the South dealing with insects of southern pine forests.

Oak Insects — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

This page provides links to insect pests of oak forests from Forest Health Protection's ( USDA Forest Service) Oak Pests: A Guide to Major Insects, Diseases, Air pollution and Chemical Injury web site.

Air Quality — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Declines in air-quality in the southern Appalachians has caused increases in ozone, acid deposition, and decreased visibility. Air quality effects forest productivity, aquatic resources, recreation, and human health.

Forest Diseases — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Although most of the diseases that are present in the southern Appalachians are native and a natural part of the ecosystem, some diseases are exotic and have been devastation to the ecosystem.

Nonnative Invasive Species — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Nonnative invasive species are an important threat to forest health in the Southern Appalachians. Invasive plants, insects, and pathogens that have become established are affecting the health of forested ecosystems, reducing biodiversity and comprising t

Forest Insects — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Southern Appalachian trees serve as hosts for a variety of insects. Recently introduced insects from Europe and Asia have threatened the survival of several tree populations due to their lack of natural endemic controls.

Balsam Woolly Adelgid — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Gypsy Moth — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Hemlock Woolly Adelgid — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

A Fence Design for Protecting Aspen Stands from Elk without Impeding Other Wildlife — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

 

Channel Treatments — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Red Oak Borer — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Southern Pine Beetle — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Invasive Species Control — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Control of invasive species is vital to slowing their spread and reducing the negative impacts results from ifestations. Several different strategies exist for controlling invasive species, each with different costs and effectiveness.

Nonnative Invasive Insects and Pathogens — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Several exotic insects and pathogens have become established in the southern Appalachians. They threaten the health and stability of the ecosystems.

Nonnative Invasive Plants — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Exotic plant species have been introduced into the Southern Appalachians since the beginning of European settlement of the region. Some have escaped and spread, displacing native vegetation, causing ecological disturbance and, in some cases, causing econ

Japanese Honeysuckle - Lonicera japonica — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

A woody vine introduced for erosion control, wildlife cover, and as an ornamental. It forms ground-covering mats and dense infestations of tree-climbing vines in forest margins, rights of way, and other open spaces. Its persistent green leaves photosynthe

Kudzu - Pueraria montana — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

A fast-growing Asian vine that covers some 7 million acres of land (an area larger than Vermont) in the Southeastern United States. Prior to 1953 the plant was widely grown as livestock forage and as a means of controlling erosion.

Oriental bittersweet - Celastrus orbiculatus — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

A vine that has infested many of the cooler parts of the Southeast, primarily forestland in the Appalachian Mountains. It is a serious threat to native plant communities due to its high reproductive rate and rapid growth.

Purple loosestrife - Lythrum salicaria — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

A flowering plant introduced during the 1800's. It is found in all of the 48 contintiguous states. It chokes wetlands, replacing native shoreline vegetation.

Lespedeza - Lespedeza spp. — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Several species of these shrubs have become significant pests in forests and forest openings. Their dense leafy growth shades out all competitors. They are still being planted in some areas either as wildlife food or as soil rehabilitating (nitrogen fixin

Road and Trail Treatments — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Japanese Stiltgrass - Microstegium vimineum — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

This grass is pervasive in disturbed lowlands. It can rapidly replace native ground cover in moist, fertile areas. At present, there is no efficient means of controlling Japanese stiltgrass over a large area, and the plant will continue to gain ground unt

Privet - Ligustrum spp. — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Several species of privet arenative to Europe, Asia, and North Africa, but has been planted widely in this region as a hedge. Once it is established, privet can form dense thickets which displace native plants.

Mimosa - Albizia julibrissin — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

This medium-sized tree is a continual problem along some roadsides and streams in the southern Appalachians. It seeds prolifically and resprouts quickly when cut.

Garlic mustard - Alliaria petiolata — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

This ground layer plant can tolerate shade, making it especially threatening to the Appalachian's densely forested environments. When introduced to disturbed areas or streamsides it can completely dominate the ground layer within 10 years.

Asian Longhorned Beetle — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Emerald Ash Borer — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Sudden Oak Death — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Beech Bark Disease — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Butternut Canker — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Chestnut Blight — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Hillslope Treatments — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Dogwood Anthracnose — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Dogwood anthracnose is a relatively new disease to the southern Appalachians. In the past decade it has killed millions of dogwoods (Cornus florida L.), particularly at high elevations in the Blue Ridge Province.

Dutch Elm Disease — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Oak Decline — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Managing Dogwood Anthracnose — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

More options exist for managing ornamental dogwoods in landscaped areas than natural populations of dogwood in forest sites.

Research Gaps in the Study of Dogwood Anthracnose — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

There are still many gaps in our knowledge of this relatively new disease.

Symptoms of Dogwood Anthracnose — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Dogwood anthracnose affects leaves, bracts, current-year shoots, localized areas of bark and cambium of trunk or branches, fruits, and seeds of C. florida.

The History of Dogwood Anthracnose and its Spread in the South — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Dogwood anthracnose is a relatively new disease to North America. It was first observed in 1976. Although the origin of dogwood anthracnose is unknown, the results of DNA analysis combined with its rapid spread have led many to conclude it was introduce

The Pathogen and Environmental Effects on its Development — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Several environmental factors, such as light exposure, water relations, acid rain, and topographic factors have all been correlated with the incidence and severity of dogwood anthracnose.

Particulate Matter — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Particulate matter is a leading pollutant responsible for declines in visibility throughout the United States. Particulate matter in the atmosphere includes wind-blown soil, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets.

Nitrogen Oxides — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Nitrogen oxide can affect visibility, acid deposition, and ground-level ozone. The primary form of nitrogen oxide emissions is nitric oxide. This gas is rapidly converted in the atmosphere, in the presence of volatile organic compounds and sunlight, to ni

Mulching for Postfire Rehabilitation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Sulfur Dioxide — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Sulfur dioxide is a gas released into the atmosphere during the combustion of fossil fuels that contain sulfur. In the atmosphere, sulfur dioxide is transformed into secondary pollutants called sulfates. Sulfates are the main contributors to visibility re

Volatile Organic Compounds — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Volatile organic compounds represent a wide range of organic chemicals which are emitted into the atmosphere. Combined with nitrogen dioxide, these chemicals contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone.

Toxic Air Pollutants — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Some compounds produced by human activities, such as chemical-manufacturing and paint-spraying operations, are classified as toxic air pollutants. Toxic compounds are important because they can have severe human health impacts, or impact natural resources

Visibility — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

For visitors and residents, spectacular views are major attractions in the southern Appalachians. However, visibility has deteriorated considerably since the 1940s—with the poorest visibility in the summer, the major tourist season.

Ozone — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Ozone is potentially the most significant pollutant affecting forests in North America. Ozone is highly damaging to tissues inside of plant leaves, which it enters through small pores called stomates. Once inside the leaf the ozone is either destroyed by

Air Quality Research Needs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

The Southern Appalachian Assessment identified the several research and monitoring needs for air quality.

Acid Deposition — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

High-elevation forests in the southern Appalachians have some of the highest levels of acid deposition in the United States. When raindrops fall through air that contains gaseous oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, these gases can dissolve in the droplets an

Acid Deposition Effects on Aquatic Resources — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Effects of Acid Deposition on Forests — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

In contrast to the damage acid rain causes to streams and lakes, it has proven to be much more difficult to demonstrate negative effects on forests. One factor that complicates the situation is that most forests are highly chemically buffered by the pres

Nitrogen Saturation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

Nitrogen saturation occurs when supplies of ammonium and nitrate are in excess of the total combined plant and microbial demand. The term refers to an ecosystem where the biota are unable to utilize all of the N that is added to the system, either through

Erosion Barriers for Postfire Rehabilitation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:57 AM

 

Air Quality — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Water Quality — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Soils — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Vegetation — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Wildlife — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:07 AM

 

Gap-scale Disturbances — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Disturbance Scale — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Disturbance Processes on the Cumberland Plateau — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Chestnut blight — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Arthropods (insects, arachnids, crustaceans, etc.) — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Gastropods (snails and slugs) — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Regeneration Methods — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Southern Pine Beetle — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Oak Decline — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Imperiled Aquatic Species — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Bivalves (mussels) — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Vegetation Classification and Description — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Mixed Hardwoods — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Species-specific Management — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Climate — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Geology — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Hydrology — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Wind — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Encyclopedia of Cumberland Plateau Forest Ecosystems — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 11:50 AM

Reliance on natural resources has long been an important aspect of the Cumberland Plateau's identity and economy. From coal mining and agriculture to forestry and resource-based tourism, residents and visitors alike recognize the value of natural resources to the Plateau.

Dogwood Anthracnose — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Hemlock Wooly Adelgid — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Aquatic — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Recreational Opportunities — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 12:00 PM

 

Management Tools — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Bivalves (mussels) — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Mammals — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Biobased Fuel Gas and Syngas — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Butanol — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Enzymes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Risk and Opportunity in Wildland Ecosystems: Pests, Patches, and Panarchy — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Ethylene — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Ethylene from biomass

Glycerin — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Acetic Acid — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Development of Acetic Acid

Fatty Acids — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Development of Fatty Acids

Itaconic Acid — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Lactic Acid — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Succinic Acid — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Bioplastics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Biopolymers — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Char — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Major Stressors, Effects, and Risks to Forest Ecosystems throughout the United States — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Glass Aggregate — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Anaerobic Digestion Effluent — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Pellets — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Description of pellets and their uses.

PHA (Polyhydroxyalkanoate) Polymers — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

PROPELLETS — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Wood Composition — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Discussion of the composition of wood

Properties of wood — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Parent page for species differences, moisture content, energy content, and ash content.

Forest Residues — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Description of forest residues available for biomass utilization

Wood-processing Residues — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Description of residues most commonly associated with primary mills.

Black Liquor — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Utilization of black liquor.

Characterization of Uncertainty in Environmental and Biological Models Employed in Risk Assessment — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Chips — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Utilization of chips in processes.

Sawdust — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Utilization of sawdust in processes.

Groupe Cooperation Forestiere — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Bark — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Discussion of bark utilization.

Harvest Wastes — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Ash Content — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

A discussion on the role of ash and its influence on utilization.

Energy Content — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

A discussion on differing energy contents and the role it plays in utilization.

Moisture Content — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

The role of moisture content in utilization.

Plant Species — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Discussion of how different plants produce different outcomes.

Energy Density — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Representing Human-Mediated Pathways in Forest Pest Risk Mapping — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Cellulose — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Hemicellulose — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Lignin — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Mineral Elements in Wood — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Fermentable Sugars — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Proteins — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Starch — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Framework for Achieving Sustainable Forest Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Sustainability refers to the ability to use resources while preserving the resource for use by future generations.

Biodiversity Values — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Biodiversity plays a large role in the sustainability of forests.

Hydrologic Values — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Water is quickly becoming one of the world's most precious natural resources.

Insect and Pathogen Risk and Hazard Rating Systems for Use in Forest Threat Assessments — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Designing Low-Impact Operations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Low-impact operations are key to environmental sustainability.

Soil Values — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Soils are the foundation upon which forests thrive and grow.

Composition — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Soils are complex and dynamic systems.

Function — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Soil function refers to the role that soils play in the environment.

Productivity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

The productivity of a forest ecosystem can be measured according to a variety of outputs or values.

Forestry Practices That Can Affect Soils — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

High intensity forest management systems expose forest soil to fertilizers, weed control chemicals, large machinery, and other potential impacts which may affect forest soils.

Organic Matter Disturbance — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Soil organic matter moderates temperature, increases water filtration and holding capacity, and serves as food and energy for soil organisms.

Nutrient Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

A second possible consequence of intensive management and whole-tree harvesting includes nutrient depletion.

Soil Displacement and Compaction — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Soil erosion and displacement occurs through the removal of topsoil by machinery.

Soils — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

The key to maintaining soil productivity includes conserving soil physical properties, proper nutrient management, and controlling erosion.

Ecological Risk Assessment to Support Fuels Treatment Project Decisions — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Water — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

High standards for water quantity and water quality can be achieved in managed forests.

Biodiversity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Biodiversity is directly related to the amuont of species-critical habitat in a forested area.

Hydrologic Processes Affected by Harvesting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Water is one of the basic necessities of life.

Water Quantity and Quality — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Water quantity and water quality are major criteris for measuring the effects of forest management for bioenergy and bio-based products on water resources.

Understanding Biodiversity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Biodiversity is defined as the diversity of species, genes, ecosystem function, and habitats.

Forest Biodiversity Conservation Tools — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Conservation tools have been developed to enable managers to maintain and improve forest biodiversity.

Adaptive Forest Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Adaptive Forest Management is a procedural approach to management which has been proposed to enable forest managers to improve the effectiveness of their management systems through formal commitment to performance evaluation procedures.

Certification Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Certification programs play a key role in ensuring consumers that the forest products they purchase are produced from forests that are managed in a sustainable manner.

International Agreements and Protocols — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Regional and international initiatives on criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management have been developed.

Forest Stewardship Council — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

The Forest Stewardship Council is an international non-profit group offering forest certification.

Decision Making under Risk: Risk Management Theory and Applications from Various Disciplines — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Sustainable Forestry Initiative — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Another program used by the forest products industry in the Southern United States is the Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) developed by the American Forest and Paper Association.

American Tree Farm System — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

The American Tree Farm System is a certification program aimed at private landowners.

ISO 14001 — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

The ISO 14001 series of standards are published and administered by the International Standards Organization.

Defining Biomass Feedstock Forms — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Introduction to the forms woody biomass feedstock.

Cost Factors Affecting Harvesting Biomass — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Harvesting costs are a function of many different factors.

Pre-Processing and Drying — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Transportation and Delivery — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Describes how woody biomass is transported and stored

Storage — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Review of factors affecting the storage of biomass on-site or at a concentration yard

Review of Harvesting Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Overview of the harvesting and transportation systems used in the South

SRWC Harvesting Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Conference Program — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 10:54 AM

Schedule of sessions, presentations, and other conference events

Assessing the Threat that Anthropogenic Calcium Depletion Poses to Forest Health and Productivity — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

State-of-the-Art Biomass Harvesting Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Description of harvesting system technology for biomass as it exists now

Basic Steps of Timber Harvesting — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Described are the general phases of all harvesting operations

Small Scale Biomass Harvesting Systems — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Small scale Biomass harvesting systems at work today

Comminution Operations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Current harvesting systems where foodstock in comminuted in-woods

Composite Residue Logs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

How and Where to Store Biomass — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Wood Quality — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Dry-Matter Loss — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Self Ignition of Wood Piles — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Soil Quality is Fundamental to Ensuring Healthy Forests and Reducing Risks Associated with Forest Pest or Operations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Health Risks — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Bundling — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Chipping — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Trucks — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Trailers and Vans — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Log Trailers — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Vans — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Container Trailers — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Drying — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

This section provides discussion about transirational training and the factors that affect it.

Pre-Processing — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

State of the Science in Ecological Risk Assessment — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Factors Affecting Harvesting Costs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Factors Affecting Transportation and Delivery Costs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Case Studies — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Biomass harvesting and transportation case studies

Composite Residue Logs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Introduction to CRLs

Comminuted Materials — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Introduction to comminuted materials

Unconsolidated Materials — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

This is an introduction to unconsolidated materials.

Forest Management and Silviculture for Bioenergy Production — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Silviculture is the science and art of managing forest stands and woodlands for the desired needs and values of landowners and society on a sustainable basis.

Favorable Stand Attributes for Bioenergy Production — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Not all forest stands will have biomass readily available in sufficient quantities to make utilization an immediate possibility.

Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Sustainability is a central tenet of good silviculture.

Biomass Harvesting and Its Silvicultural Implications — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

There are several different silvicultural techniques that can be practiced in the production of forest biomass.

General Authoring Guidelines — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

These instructions provided general guidelines early in the authoring process.

Biomass Production By Forest Type — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

The utilization of biomass needs to fit into the silviculture commonly being applied for different categories and types of forests in the Southern United States.

Designing Low-Impact Operations — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Best Management Practices (BMPs) are guidelines designed to ensure that the environment, particularly water quality, is protected.

Forest Management Issues for Bioenergy Production by NIPFs — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Forest management is concerned with practical activities aimed at fulfulling the owners' goals and objectives, while at the same time maintaining the productivity of the forest.

Integrating Bioenergy Harvesting with Silviculture - A California Example — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Although the revenue obtained from the biomass does not always cover all harvesting and transportation costs, Sierra Pacific Industries in northern California has integrated bioenergy harvesting into their forest management plans.

Planted Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Pine plantations have increased steadily over the last half century.

Natural Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Natural pine forests currently occupy the same areas as pine plantations.

Mixed Oak-Pine — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

These mixed forests account for about 16% of timberland in the region or 29 million acres.

Upland Hardwoods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Upland hardwood forests cover 64 million acres.

Lowland Hardwoods — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Lowland hardwood forests cover about 29 million acres.

Short Rotation Woody Crops — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Afforestation of agricultural lands with hardwood plantations has occurred widely, including into short-rotation coppice stands.

Detailed Instructions for Papers for the 2006 Conference "Advances in Threat Assessment..." — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

Dual publication to the web and print require adjustments to standard instructions for General Technical Reports. These are described here.

Timber Harvest Residues: Silvicultural Implications — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Often 25 to 45 percent of the tree's biomass is left on site as residues, although it can be lower in some Southern forests.

Small Diameter Woody Biomass Utilization: Silvicultural Implications — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

In areas where the demand for pulpwood has decline, there is frequently the opportunity to utilize small diameter woody trees and shrubs.

Low-Value Species Utilization: Silvicultural Implications — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

There are large areas of Southern forest that have had a legacy of exploitation, leaving the forest depleted and high-graded.

Sustained Yield and Stand Biomass Assessment — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Sustained yield is the yield that a forest can produce continuously at a given intensity of management.

Biological and Envrionmental Sustainability — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Biological and environmental sustainability is a more fundamental requirement than sustained yield.

The Southern U. S. and Potential for Bioenergy — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

The Southern United States is a vast, diverse region.

The Southern Forest — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

The Southern forest covers 214 million acres in 13 states.

Forest Types — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

There are five broad categories of forest types in the South.

Authors Checklist for Papers Submitted to the 2006 Conference — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

An overview of specific instructions for papers submitted for the 2006 Conference "Advances in Threat Assessment and Their Application for Forest and Rangeland Management"

Geographic Characteristics — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Geography plays a role in the suitability of an area for biomass production.

Physiography — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

There are 11 distinct physiographic regions in the South.

Climate — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Climate plays a role in the Southern United States.

Soils — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Eight different soil orders are present in the Southern US.

Ultisols — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Ultisols are the dominant soil type in the southern forest.

Alfisols — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Alfisols occur in the western areas of the Southern forest.

Inceptisols — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Inceptisols are common in the Eastern regions.

Vertisols — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Vertisols are most commonly found in central Texas.

Coastal Plain — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

The Coastal Plain stretches from the Piney Woods of East Texas to the Atlantic shore.

Piedmont Province — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

The Piedmont Province covers an area from north of the Potomac River south to Alabama.

Fire & People — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

A synthesis of information on the human dimensions of fire in the South with coverage of topics such as the history of burning in the South, the relationship between human health and prescribed burning, the economics of fire, and fires in the wildland-urb

Blue Ridge Province — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

The Blue Ridge Province extends from the southern Appalachians in Virginia southward to Georgia.

Ridge and Valley Province — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

The Ridge and Valley Province lies between the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Appalachian Plateaus.

Appalachian Plateaus — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

The Appalachian Plateaus are geographic uplifts in the Southern Appalachian Mountains.

Interior Low Plateaus — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

The Interior Low Plateaus lie to the west of the Appalachian Plateaus.

Interior Highlands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

The Interior Highlands are located in Oklahoma and Arkansas.

Resource Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Social Science — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

The Landscape — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

The southern Appalachians are one of the most distinctive geographic regions in all of North America.

Ecology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Smoke Management — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

This section describes models of smoke movement, avoiding and reducing smoke, components of smoke, smoke and air quality, and air quality regulations.

Forest Health — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

The ability of the southern Appalachian region to provide extensive and diverse resource values is seriously compromised by unhealthy forest conditions. Forest health affects not only those resources directly (e.g., timber quality, scenic vistas), but jeo

Air Quality — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Declines in air-quality in the southern Appalachians has caused increases in ozone, acid deposition, and decreased visibility. Air quality effects forest productivity, aquatic resources, recreation, and human health.

Forest Diseases — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Although most of the diseases that are present in the southern Appalachians are native and a natural part of the ecosystem, some diseases are exotic and have been devastation to the ecosystem.

Nonnative Invasive Species — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Nonnative invasive species are an important threat to forest health in the southern Appalachians. Invasive plants, insects, and pathogens that have become established are affecting the health of forested ecosystems, reducing biodiversity and comprising t

Forest Insects — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

Southern Appalachian trees serve as hosts for a variety of insects. Recently introduced insects from Europe and Asia have threatened the survival of several tree populations due to their lack of natural endemic controls.

Balsam Woolly Adelgid — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Gypsy Moth — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Hemlock Woolly Adelgid — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Red Oak Borer — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Southern Pine Beetle — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Fire Effects — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:27 AM

 

Southern Pine Beetle - History — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Southern Pine Beetle - Biology — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Southern Pine Beetle - Identification — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Southern Pine Beetle - Control — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Southern Pine Beetle - Recognizing Susceptible Stands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Southern Pine Beetle - Survey and Detection — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Southern Pine Beetle - Silvicultural Treatments to Reduce Losses in Existing Stands — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Southern Pine Beetle - Setting Control Priorities for the Southern Pine Beetle — by Cole Sherer — last modified 2008-11-14 11:01 AM

 

Physical Landscape — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Biological Landscape — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Evergreen Coves — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Mixed Mesophytic — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Native American Habitation — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Vertebrates — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Management of Degraded Stands — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Ecology — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

Forest ecosystems are in a constant state of change as they are disrupted by natural and anthropogenic disturbance events.

Cultural Landscape — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Forest Communities — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Wildlife Management — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Imperiled Species — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM

 

Invertebrates — by matthew — last modified 2010-11-11 09:58 AM